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...te a positive impact through direct participation, increasing levels of confidence,screativity, transferable skills, social commitment and social cohesion leading overall tosmore vibrant communities (=-=Matarasso 1997-=-; Shaw 1999; DCMS 2003; ACE 2007).sContrasting this ‘softer’ aspect with ‘harder’ (physical-led) interventions, culture and thesarts have often been recognised as much-needed software to complement th...

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...l in many European citiessfor recapturing investment, rejuvenating built environments and as a transformationsmechanism for a transition towards a skills base more in tune with the knowledgeseconomy (=-=Landry et al. 1996-=-; Gomez 1998; Miles 2005). This progressive change hassbeen exemplified by visionary policies introduced by cities such as Glasgow, Seoul,sHong Kong, Singapore and Dubai, where the creative industries...

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...itiessfor recapturing investment, rejuvenating built environments and as a transformationsmechanism for a transition towards a skills base more in tune with the knowledgeseconomy (Landry et al. 1996; =-=Gomez 1998-=-; Miles 2005). This progressive change hassbeen exemplified by visionary policies introduced by cities such as Glasgow, Seoul,sHong Kong, Singapore and Dubai, where the creative industries played a ke...

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... part it plays in regenerating the economy at local and national levels.sFigure 1. Progress of the role of arts and culture in the UK and Singapore (adaptedsfrom Bianchini, Greenhalgh & Landry, 1991; =-=Bassett, 1993-=-; Kong, 2000; Bereson,s2003; Yue, 2006)sFrom socio-cultural objectives to the rise and dominance of economicsapproachessHistorically, arts and culture policies have not been linked directly to economi...

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...es of investment, publicity and visitors, it has been difficult tosdetermine if they have necessarily translated into a positive impact on the localscommunities that often play hosts to these events (=-=Bianchini 1990-=-; Bassett 1993; Evanss2001; Evans 2005, Jiwa et al. 2009). An extensive study on the impact of Liverpool assthe ECoC 2008 suggested that, whilst there has been evidence of positive cultural, citysimpr...

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...k,sRadominski & Ryczek 2009a).sThe notion of culture-led urban regeneration has been discussed from a variety ofsstandpoints, including cultural consumption (Zukin 1995), cultural and urban plannings(=-=Bianchini 1991-=-; Bianchini, Greenhalgh & Landry 1991; Landry et al. 1996; Evans &sFoord 2008), culture and economic development (Hall 2000; Throsby 2001; Potts &sCunningham 2008), as well as sustainable regeneration...

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...pact through direct participation, increasing levels of confidence,screativity, transferable skills, social commitment and social cohesion leading overall tosmore vibrant communities (Matarasso 1997; =-=Shaw 1999-=-; DCMS 2003; ACE 2007).sContrasting this ‘softer’ aspect with ‘harder’ (physical-led) interventions, culture and thesarts have often been recognised as much-needed software to complement theshardware ...

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...e-Gateshead, as well as mega events such as The Olympics, European Citysof Culture (ECoC) and the Edinburgh Festival, have been examined in-depth bysscholars in the field of culture-led regeneration (=-=Booth & Boyle 1993-=-; Evans 2003; Miless2005; Garcia 2005). Whilst one might expect such city centre-based ‘prestige’ projectssto attract large volumes of investment, publicity and visitors, it has been difficult tosdete...

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...l-known localsplaywright, Haresh Sharma, was quoted in Time magazine saying that ‘the [Singapore]sgovernment may not be more liberal ... but it sees the positive effects of being seen tosliberalize’ (=-=McCarthy & Ellis 1999-=-).sIn contrast to this, the UK’s approach to cultural regeneration stemmed more from thesneed to tackle complex social issues, especially in the post-industrial period, whensmajor traditional industri...