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...iew to evaluate their child’s eligibility for the study. The telephone interview included portions of the Child Symptom Inventory (CSI; Gadow & Sprafkin, 1997) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; =-=Achenbach, 1991-=-a), two frequently used measures of child psychopathology with adequate to excellent reliability. The CSI provides a dimensional score and diagnostic cutoffs for DSM-IV (APA, 2000) disorders. Each dia...

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...g baseline, followed by a 3 min video clip from the movie The Champ, in which a young child witnesses and reacts to the death of his father. This film clip has been demonstrated to evoke sadness (see =-=Gross & Levenson, 1995-=-), and to result in physiological reactivity – including changes in RSA – that are consistent with individual differences in ER abilities (Crowell et al., 2005). Physiological data were collected at e...

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...alley techniques. Such analyses of the R-wave time series are required to capture parasympathetic nervous system influences on heart rate, independent of sympathetic nervous system contributions (see =-=Berntson et al., 1997-=-). There are now a number of studies of children and adolescents linking reduced RSA to psychological disorders characterized by emotion dysregulation, including depression, anxiety, self-injury, and ...

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...o ER difficulties. In this study, we examine the correspondence between RSA and a recently introduced self-report measure of emotion dysregulation, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; =-=Gratz & Roemer, 2004-=-). Our sample, which consists of youth with conduct problems (CPs), depression (DEP), comorbid CPs and DEP (comorbid), or neither condition (controls), includes individuals who likely possess a wide r...

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...hat certain patterns of physiological responding suggest different processes for different people. Furthermore, despite compelling reasons to use multiple methods to assess emotion dysregulation (see =-=Cole, Martin, & Dennis, 2004-=-), few studies have responded to this call. Under appropriate stimulus conditions, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which indexes vagal tone and vagal reactivity, is a well-validated measure of emo...

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...to the developmental psychopathology perspective, since most forms of psychopathology are characterized by negative emotional experiences that are either too intense or too protracted to be adaptive (=-=Beauchaine, 2001-=-). Accordingly, there is growing consensus that successful navigation of emotionally challenging developmental tasks, and acquisition of healthy ER strategies, are cornerstones of emergent socio-emoti...

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...emotion dysregulation, including depression, anxiety, self-injury, and disruptive behavior, among others (Beauchaine et al., 2007; Shannon, Beauchaine, Brenner, & Neuhaus, 2007; Crowell et al., 2005; =-=Silk, Steinberg, & Morris, 2003-=-). However, consistent among these studies is the assumption that diagnosable psychopathology is suggestive of emotion dysregulation, with little attention to whether RSA is related specifically to ER...

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...opriate stimulus conditions, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which indexes vagal tone and vagal reactivity, is a well-validated measure of emotion dysregulation in children (see Beauchaine, 2001; =-=Beauchaine, Gatzke-Kopp, & Mead, 2007-=-; El-Sheikh, 2005). Briefly, RSA captures the ebbing and flowing of heart rate across the respiratory cycle, with heart rate increases occurring during inhalation and heart rate decreases occurring du...

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...nd one biological parent (the mother in all but 4 cases). Most families (77%) had annual incomes below $70,000, which is well below the median family income for Seattle ($82,867; United States Census =-=Bureau, 2006-=-). Attrition rates were relatively low across the three waves of assessment, resulting in a total of 193 2 Christina A. Vasilev et al. 2009 The Authors Journal compilation 2009 Association for Chi...

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...ining the development of depression and conduct problems in middle childhood. Readers are referred to other publications for additional information on study procedures and participating families (see =-=Beauchaine, Hong, & Marsh, 2008-=-; Kopp & Beauchaine, 2007; Shannon et al., 2007). Participants were recruited from urban Seattle neighborhoods through flyers posted at clinics and community centers, and through advertisements in loc...

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...re is growing consensus that successful navigation of emotionally challenging developmental tasks, and acquisition of healthy ER strategies, are cornerstones of emergent socio-emotional competencies (=-=Zeman, Cassano, Perry-Parrish, & Stegall, 2006-=-). Conversely, several authors have proposed that emotion dysregulation is a core predisposing vulnerability to psychiatric disorders spanning both the internalizing and externalizing spectra (see Bea...

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...ders characterized by emotion dysregulation, including depression, anxiety, self-injury, and disruptive behavior, among others (Beauchaine et al., 2007; Shannon, Beauchaine, Brenner, & Neuhaus, 2007; =-=Crowell et al., 2005-=-; Silk, Steinberg, & Morris, 2003). However, consistent among these studies is the assumption that diagnosable psychopathology is suggestive of emotion dysregulation, with little attention to whether ...

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...sements by telephone and completed a 20–30 min structured interview to evaluate their child’s eligibility for the study. The telephone interview included portions of the Child Symptom Inventory (CSI; =-=Gadow & Sprafkin, 1997-=-) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991a), two frequently used measures of child psychopathology with adequate to excellent reliability. The CSI provides a dimensional score and diag...

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...n middle childhood. Readers are referred to other publications for additional information on study procedures and participating families (see Beauchaine, Hong, & Marsh, 2008; Kopp & Beauchaine, 2007; =-=Shannon et al., 2007-=-). Participants were recruited from urban Seattle neighborhoods through flyers posted at clinics and community centers, and through advertisements in local newspapers, radio spots, city busses, and sc...

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...on and conduct problems in middle childhood. Readers are referred to other publications for additional information on study procedures and participating families (see Beauchaine, Hong, & Marsh, 2008; =-=Kopp & Beauchaine, 2007-=-; Shannon et al., 2007). Participants were recruited from urban Seattle neighborhoods through flyers posted at clinics and community centers, and through advertisements in local newspapers, radio spot...

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...ed with adult samples and has consequently been used primarily with non-child participants with borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorders, or those engaging in self-harm, among others (e.g., =-=Gratz & Chapman, 2007-=-; Tull, 2006; Gratz, Tull, Baruch, Bornovalova, & Lejuez, 2008). To our knowledge, the DERS has not been used with children. However, the measure is written at approximately a 7th grade reading level....

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...quently been used primarily with non-child participants with borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorders, or those engaging in self-harm, among others (e.g., Gratz & Chapman, 2007; Tull, 2006; =-=Gratz, Tull, Baruch, Bornovalova, & Lejuez, 2008-=-). To our knowledge, the DERS has not been used with children. However, the measure is written at approximately a 7th grade reading level. The DERS was administered at the Year 3 visit when participan...

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...ased upon these trajectories, further improvements in ER among those with low DERS scores might be expected by late adolescence. Indeed, RSA increases across adolescent development are normative (see =-=Spear, 2009-=- for a review), which suggests that a lack of RSA change may ultimately indicate heightened risk for ER difficulties. Increasing evidence suggests that ER is an important predictor of healthy socio-em...

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... completed measures of child psychopathology, including the CBCL, the CSI (parent report as described above; Achenbach, 1991; Gadow & Sprafkin, 1997), the Child Depression Inventory, selfreport (CDI; =-=Kovacs, 1992-=-) and the Youth Self Report (YSR; Achenbach, 1991b). Data analyses Prior to performing statistical analyses, DERS data and psychopathology scores were examined to ensure conformity with assumptions of...

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...£ = .8) were within acceptable limits for all measures. Given this, we modeled continuous psychopathology scores rather than performing by-group analyses. This (a) provided greater statistical power (=-=McCallum, Zhang, Preacher, & Rucker, 2002-=-), (b) avoided issues associated with arbitrary diagnostic cutoffs and drifting in and out of psychiatric groups, and (c) reduced the number of statistical comparisons and the associated alpha error r...

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...y sinus arrhythmia (RSA), which indexes vagal tone and vagal reactivity, is a well-validated measure of emotion dysregulation in children (see Beauchaine, 2001; Beauchaine, Gatzke-Kopp, & Mead, 2007; =-=El-Sheikh, 2005-=-). Briefly, RSA captures the ebbing and flowing of heart rate across the respiratory cycle, with heart rate increases occurring during inhalation and heart rate decreases occurring during exhalation. ...

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...eview). Among children and adolescents, psychiatric comorbidity, including concurrent internalizing and externalizing disorders (heterotypic comorbidity), is the rule rather than the exception (e.g., =-=Marmorstein & Iacono, 2003-=-). Heterotypic comorbidity confers risk for a number of adverse outcomes during the transition to adolescence such as persistence of psychopathology, including personality disorders (Beauchaine, Klein...

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...such as persistence of psychopathology, including personality disorders (Beauchaine, Klein, Crowell, Derbidge, & GatzkeKopp, 2009), initiation of substance use, and risk for self-injurious behaviors (=-=Shipman, Schneider, & Brown, 2004-=-). Consistent with models that emphasize emotion dysregulation as a vulnerability to psychopathology (Beauchaine, 2001), there is increasing evidence that internalizing, externalizing, and comorbid ps...

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...iew to evaluate their child’s eligibility for the study. The telephone interview included portions of the Child Symptom Inventory (CSI; Gadow & Sprafkin, 1997) and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; =-=Achenbach, 1991-=-a), two frequently used measures of child psychopathology with adequate to excellent reliability. The CSI provides a dimensional score and diagnostic cutoffs for DSM-IV (APA, 2000) disorders. Each dia...

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...nd has consequently been used primarily with non-child participants with borderline personality disorder, anxiety disorders, or those engaging in self-harm, among others (e.g., Gratz & Chapman, 2007; =-=Tull, 2006-=-; Gratz, Tull, Baruch, Bornovalova, & Lejuez, 2008). To our knowledge, the DERS has not been used with children. However, the measure is written at approximately a 7th grade reading level. The DERS wa...