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...Balarm and Dragicevic 2006; Jankowski and Nyerges 2001) and discussion about the geographic aspects of these virtual communities appear in numerous geographic literatures since the 1990s (Batty 1997; =-=Graham 1998-=-; and many others). Yet, until fairly recently, large-scale collaborative systems in which millions of users could share information were slow to emerge. One infamous and early example is the Geocitie...

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... tasks has been an integral part of GIScience over the same period, and there is now a substantive body of literature on collaborative GIS and geographic applications (see Balarm and Dragicevic 2006; =-=Jankowski and Nyerges 2001-=-) and discussion about the geographic aspects of these virtual communities appear in numerous geographic literatures since the 1990s (Batty 1997; Graham 1998; and many others). Yet, until fairly recen...

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...hers’ as Unwin calls them). However, within neogeography they are seen by some as part of the core ideology. Similar to Wikipedia’s core values, these are based on strong techno-libertarian politics (=-=Keen 2007-=-), which are especially common with high-tech and Internet culture (Borsook 2000; Hodgkinson 2008). Thus, the concepts of collaboration, cooperation, sharing and openness should be seen within a conte...

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...ations (see Balarm and Dragicevic 2006; Jankowski and Nyerges 2001) and discussion about the geographic aspects of these virtual communities appear in numerous geographic literatures since the 1990s (=-=Batty 1997-=-; Graham 1998; and many others). Yet, until fairly recently, large-scale collaborative systems in which millions of users could share information were slow to emerge. One infamous and early example is...

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...ing collaborative geographic tasks has been an integral part of GIScience over the same period, and there is now a substantive body of literature on collaborative GIS and geographic applications (see =-=Balarm and Dragicevic 2006-=-; Jankowski and Nyerges 2001) and discussion about the geographic aspects of these virtual communities appear in numerous geographic literatures since the 1990s (Batty 1997; Graham 1998; and many othe...

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...t possible to acquire the position of the receiver with accuracy of 6–10 m, in contrast to 100 m before the ‘switch off ’. Attempts to develop location-based services predated this announcement (e.g. =-=Giordano et al. 1995-=-), and were based on information from mobile phone masts or other © 2008 The Authors Geography Compass 2/6 (2008): 2011–2039, 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x Journal Compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publ...

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... created at disparate locations, the OSM community also organises a series of local workshops (called ‘mapping parties’) which aim to create and annotate content for localised geographical areas (see =-=Perkins and Dodge 2008-=-). These events are designed to introduce new contributors to the community with hands-on experience of collecting data, while positively contributing to the project overall by generating new data and...

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...ns look and feel very different. First, the area of the screen that is served by the map has increased dramatically, thus improving the usability of Web mapping significantly (Haklay and Zafiri 2007; =-=Skarlatidou and Haklay 2006-=-). Second, the ability to interact within the browser’s window 2020 Web Mapping 2.0 and neogeography © 2008 The Authors Geography Compass 2/6 (2008): 2011–2039, 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x Journa...

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...veloped in 1995 to deliver maps to mobile phones, but ended with a highly successful public mapping site, which was launched in 1996 (Parker 2005). In the same year, MapQuest was launched in the USA (=-=Peterson 1997-=-). Other similar websites included Streetmap, Yahoo! Maps, Microsoft’s MapPoint, and Map24. The main characteristics of all these services are that they provide access to simple queries about location...

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...s one of the most significant days for neogeography – maybe even its official birthday. On this day, the US President, Bill Clinton, announced the removal of selective availability of the GPS signal (=-=Clinton 2000-=-), and by so doing provided an improved accuracy for simple, low-cost GPS receivers. In normal conditions, this made it possible to acquire the position of the receiver with accuracy of 6–10 m, in con...

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... on Google 2012 Web Mapping 2.0 and neogeography © 2008 The Authors Geography Compass 2/6 (2008): 2011–2039, 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x Journal Compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Maps (=-=Tran 2007-=-) whereas in the previous era of Internet mapping, the number of mapping websites was significantly smaller due to technical and financial barriers. This dramatic landscape change is accompanied by ne...

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...The Authors Geography Compass 2/6 (2008): 2011–2039, 10.1111/j.1749-8198.2008.00167.x Journal Compilation © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd Web Mapping 2.0 and neogeography 2025 over 3.3 million users (=-=Bassett and Wilbert 1999-=-; Brown 2001). Due to a range of technical and organisational reasons combined with blunders such as overwhelming the sites with pop-up advertisements, the site quickly deteriorated towards the end of...

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...ly demonstrates that Web Mapping 2.0 approaches can be used very effectively as a means of disseminating results of research to a wider audience. For example, the site has featured on the BBC online (=-=BBC 2008-=-) website in a story about recent research conducted at UCL into the ethnic composition of London neighbourhoods. Additionally, over 18,000 people have visited the site since it launched. 8 Ordnance S...

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...tion was a complicated task that required computing and data manipulation knowledge. The GPX standard has been rapidly adopted by most developers of GPS systems and by 2004 it had become commonplace (=-=Foster 2004-=-). 3.2 WEB 2.0 TECHNOLOGIES AND AJAX The GPX belongs to a class of standards and technologies that provides the infrastructure for what came to be known as Web 2.0. The impacts of Web 2.0 can be consi...

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...e development of the standard focused on how information from meteorological remote sensing satellites could be integrated with information about population to provide an early warning of hurricanes (=-=Gawne-Cain and Holcroft 2000-=-). In the years that have passed since the introduction of the OGC Web Mapping Service specifications, many software products that are compatible with the standard have appeared in the marketplace. Ho...

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...OSM, said in an interview: ‘Nobody wants to do council estates. But apart from those socio-economic barriers – for places people aren’t that interested in visiting anyway – nowhere else gets missed’ (=-=GISPro 2007-=-). 7 London Profiler (http://www.londonprofiler.org/) Another example of the power of the new generation of Web mapping to contribute to quick assembly of maps is the London Profiler (Gibin et al. 200...

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... geographical applications look and feel very different. First, the area of the screen that is served by the map has increased dramatically, thus improving the usability of Web mapping significantly (=-=Haklay and Zafiri 2007-=-; Skarlatidou and Haklay 2006). Second, the ability to interact within the browser’s window 2020 Web Mapping 2.0 and neogeography © 2008 The Authors Geography Compass 2/6 (2008): 2011–2039, 10.1111/j....

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...he core ideology. Similar to Wikipedia’s core values, these are based on strong techno-libertarian politics (Keen 2007), which are especially common with high-tech and Internet culture (Borsook 2000; =-=Hodgkinson 2008-=-). Thus, the concepts of collaboration, cooperation, sharing and openness should be seen within a context of a capitalist mode of production where the collaboration is done from personal motives and i...

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...Web’ implies the merging of geographic (locationbased) information with the abstract information that currently dominates the Internet. Notice that while the term ‘Geospatial’ has a long history (see =-=Kohn 1970-=- for one of the first uses of the term), it has gained increasing popularity within the recent past to describe computer handling of geographic information. There has been an increased awareness by nu...

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...vision of Ordnance Survey data in an accessible API form aims to stimulate community applications and involvement and was also recognised as an important objective in the Power of Information Review (=-=Mayo and Steinberg 2007-=-), which called for the opening up of public information for the use of wider society. OS OpenSpace provides the rich cartographic and contextual details of Ordnance Survey data that enable a raft of ...

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...n was through public mapping sites. In the UK, Multimap.com was developed in 1995 to deliver maps to mobile phones, but ended with a highly successful public mapping site, which was launched in 1996 (=-=Parker 2005-=-). In the same year, MapQuest was launched in the USA (Peterson 1997). Other similar websites included Streetmap, Yahoo! Maps, Microsoft’s MapPoint, and Map24. The main characteristics of all these se...

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...how emerging technologies have created new approaches to geographic information distribution and, most importantly, in the usability and ease of application development. Previous reviews (Plewe 2007; =-=Tsou 2005-=-; Turner 2006) have provided a good introduction to the technical developments; however, they have not explained the consequences of these changes. The aim of this article is to combine the technical ...

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...timap) attracted 7.3 million visitors and, in the USA, Mapquest was used by 47 million visitors. By the end of 2007, Google Maps was used by 71.5 million and Google Earth by 22.7 million (Wall Street =-=Journal 2007-=-). Moreover, by mid-2007, there were over 50,000 new websites that are based on Google 2012 Web Mapping 2.0 and neogeography © 2008 The Authors Geography Compass 2/6 (2008): 2011–2039, 10.1111/j.1749-...