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12
Learning analytics and educational data mining in practice: a systematic literature review of empirical evidence.
- Educational Technology & Society,
, 2014
"... ABSTRACT This paper aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive background for understanding current knowledge on Learning Analytics (LA) and Educational Data Mining (EDM) and its impact on adaptive learning. It constitutes an overview of empirical evidence behind key objectives of the potentia ..."
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ABSTRACT This paper aims to provide the reader with a comprehensive background for understanding current knowledge on Learning Analytics (LA) and Educational Data Mining (EDM) and its impact on adaptive learning. It constitutes an overview of empirical evidence behind key objectives of the potential adoption of LA/EDM in generic educational strategic planning. We examined the literature on experimental case studies conducted in the domain during the past six years (2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012)(2013). Search terms identified 209 mature pieces of research work, but inclusion criteria limited the key studies to 40. We analyzed the research questions, methodology and findings of these published papers and categorized them accordingly. We used non-statistical methods to evaluate and interpret findings of the collected studies. The results have highlighted four distinct major directions of the LA/EDM empirical research. We discuss on the emerged added value of LA/EDM research and highlight the significance of further implications. Finally, we set our thoughts on possible uncharted key questions to investigate both from pedagogical and technical considerations.
Visuomotor Adaptation: How Forgetting Keeps Us Conservative
, 2016
"... 4 authors, including: Katinka van der kooij ..."
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RESEARCH ARTICLE Visuomotor Adaptation: How Forgetting Keeps Us Conservative
"... Even when provided with feedback after every movement, adaptation levels off before bi-ases are completely removed. Incomplete adaptation has recently been attributed to for-getting: the adaptation is already partially forgotten by the time the next movement is made. Here we test whether this idea i ..."
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Even when provided with feedback after every movement, adaptation levels off before bi-ases are completely removed. Incomplete adaptation has recently been attributed to for-getting: the adaptation is already partially forgotten by the time the next movement is made. Here we test whether this idea is correct. If so, the final level of adaptation is determined by a balance between learning and forgetting. Because we learn from perceived errors, scaling these errors by a magnification factor has the same effect as subjects increasing the amount by which they learn from each error. In contrast, there is no reason to expect scaling the errors to affect forgetting. The magnification factor should therefore influence the bal-ance between learning and forgetting, and thereby the final level of adaptation. We found that adaptation was indeed more complete for larger magnification factors. This supports the idea that incomplete adaptation is caused by part of what has been learnt quickly being forgotten.
Analytical Study of Perceptual and Motor Transparency in Bilateral Teleoperation
"... Abstract—In bilateral teleoperation, a human operator manipulates a remote environment through a pair of master and slave robots. Transparency quantifies the fidelity of the teleoperation system, and is typically defined as the ability to accurately display remote environment properties to the opera ..."
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Abstract—In bilateral teleoperation, a human operator manipulates a remote environment through a pair of master and slave robots. Transparency quantifies the fidelity of the teleoperation system, and is typically defined as the ability to accurately display remote environment properties to the operator. We propose a novel multidimensional measure of transparency which takes into account the human operator and consists of three components: (1) perceptual transparency, which quantifies human perception of the remote environment (2) local motor transparency, which quantifies how far is the movement of the human operator from ideal, and (3) remote motor transparency which describes how far is the movement of the remote device from ideal. We suggest that for many practical applications, the goal of transparency optimization is to maintain perceptual and remote motor transparency while sacrificing local motor transparency, and that it is plausible by taking advantage of the gap between perception and action in the operators sensorimotor system. We prove analytically that for a teleoperation channel with a position and force scaling and a constant transmission delay, in a palpation and perception of stiffness task, it is possible to find gains that assure perfect perceptual and remote motor transparency while maintaining stability. We also show that stability depends on the operator maintaining sufficient arm impedance relative to environment impedance and delay. Index Terms—telerobotics, delay effects, human factors, physical human-robot interaction, human perception, haptics and haptic interfaces. I.
The Transfer of Learning as HCI Similarity: Towards an Objective Assessment of the Sensory-Motor Basis of Naturalness
"... Human-computer interaction should be natural. However, the notion of natural is questioned due to a lack of theo-retical background and methods to objectively measure the naturalness of a HCI. A frequently cited aspect of natural HCIs is their ability to benefit from knowledge and skills that users ..."
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Human-computer interaction should be natural. However, the notion of natural is questioned due to a lack of theo-retical background and methods to objectively measure the naturalness of a HCI. A frequently cited aspect of natural HCIs is their ability to benefit from knowledge and skills that users develop in their interaction with the real (non-digital) world. Among these skills, sensory-motor abilities are essen-tial to operate many HCIs. This suggests that the transfer of these abilities between physical and digital interactions could be used as an experimental tool to assess the sensory-motor similarity between interactions, and could be considered as an objective measurement of the sensory-motor grounding of naturalness. In this framework, we introduce a new experimental
i ACTION SELECTION IN MOTOR CONTROL: ERROR, REWARD, AND TIME by
, 2014
"... ii Each action our bodies execute is the consequence of a complex process of decision making by the brain. At each moment, a multitude of actions are available to the brain to place the body in a more desirable state. How, then, does the brain decide what movement to make, and why? In general, we p ..."
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ii Each action our bodies execute is the consequence of a complex process of decision making by the brain. At each moment, a multitude of actions are available to the brain to place the body in a more desirable state. How, then, does the brain decide what movement to make, and why? In general, we presented the motor system with tasks where several actions could be used to successfully accomplish a task, and observed what solution healthy people and people with movement disorders adopted. Our goal was to understand the costs and tradeoffs involved in the selection of movement. While many influences likely contribute, we focused on the role of three factors: errors, reward, and time. We found that errors played a dominant role in the selection of action. First, we used error-clamp trials, where we injected artificial redundancy and controlled the errors and rewards produced by each action, to examine the effect of the error on the selection of actions. We found that the policy underlying the
Prior Experience but Not Size of Error Improves Motor Learning on the Split-Belt Treadmill in Young Children
, 2013
"... Children can modify learned motor skills, such as walking, to adapt to new environments. Movement errors in these new situations drive the learning. We used split-belt walking to determine whether size of the error affects the degree of learning. Twenty-two children (aged 2–5 y) walked on the split- ..."
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Children can modify learned motor skills, such as walking, to adapt to new environments. Movement errors in these new situations drive the learning. We used split-belt walking to determine whether size of the error affects the degree of learning. Twenty-two children (aged 2–5 y) walked on the split-belt treadmill on two separate days spaced 1 week apart. Twenty-eight adults served as controls. On Day 1, children experienced an abrupt change in belt speeds (from 1:1 to 2:1 differential) resulting in large errors, or a gradual change (same change in speed over 12–15 min), resulting in small errors. Learning was measured by the size of the aftereffect upon return to a 1:1 differential. On Day 2 (1 week later), the leg on the fast belt was reversed, as was the method of introducing the speed differential. We found that the error size did not affect learning. Unexpectedly, learning was greater on Day 2 compared to Day 1, especially for children under 4 y of age, despite the fact that the task was opposite to that of Day 1, and did not influence learning in adults. Hence, 11 additional children under 4 y of age were tested with belts running at the same speed on Day 1, and with a 2:1 speed differential (abrupt introduction) on Day 2. Surprisingly, learning was again greater on Day 2. We conclude that size of error during split-belt walking does not affect learning, but experience on a treadmill does, especially for younger children.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
"... ui to maintain balance and to interact with the environ- cal. Each of these three modalities has its advantages Tarnutzer et al. BMC Neuroscience 2012, 13:114 ..."
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ui to maintain balance and to interact with the environ- cal. Each of these three modalities has its advantages Tarnutzer et al. BMC Neuroscience 2012, 13:114
Differential Effects of Visual Feedback on Subjective Visual Vertical Accuracy and Precision
"... The brain constructs an internal estimate of the gravitational vertical by integrating multiple sensory signals. In darkness, systematic head-roll dependent errors in verticality estimates, as measured by the subjective visual vertical (SVV), occur. We hypothesized that visual feedback after each tr ..."
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The brain constructs an internal estimate of the gravitational vertical by integrating multiple sensory signals. In darkness, systematic head-roll dependent errors in verticality estimates, as measured by the subjective visual vertical (SVV), occur. We hypothesized that visual feedback after each trial results in increased accuracy, as physiological adjustment errors (A2/E-effect) are likely based on central computational mechanisms and investigated whether such improvements were related to adaptational shifts of perceived vertical or to a higher cognitive strategy. We asked 12 healthy human subjects to adjust a luminous arrow to vertical in various head-roll positions (0 to 120deg right-ear down, 15deg steps). After each adjustment visual feedback was provided (lights on, display of previous adjustment and of an earth-vertical cross). Control trials consisted of SVV adjustments without feedback. At head-roll angles with the largest A-effect (90, 105, and 120deg), errors were reduced significantly (p,0.001) by visual feedback, i.e. roll under-compensation decreased, while precision of SVV was not significantly (p.0.05) influenced. In seven subjects an additional session with two consecutive blocks (first with, then without visual feedback) was completed at 90, 105 and 120deg head-roll. In these positions the error-reduction by the previous visual feedback block remained significant over the consecutive 18–24 min (post-feedback block), i.e., was still significantly (p,0.002) different from the control trials. Eleven out of 12 subjects reported having consciously added a bias to their perceived vertical based on visual feedback in order to minimize errors. We conclude that improvements of SVV
ORIGINAL PAPER Normal Motor Adaptation in Cervical Dystonia: A Fundamental
, 2014
"... # The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The potential role of the cerebellum in the patho-physiology of dystonia has become a focus of recent research. However, direct evidence for a cerebellar contribution in humans with dystonia is difficult to ..."
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# The Author(s) 2014. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The potential role of the cerebellum in the patho-physiology of dystonia has become a focus of recent research. However, direct evidence for a cerebellar contribution in humans with dystonia is difficult to obtain. We examined motor adaptation, a test of cerebellar function, in 20 subjects with primary cervical dystonia and an equal number of aged matched controls. Adaptation to both visuomotor (distorting visual feedback by 30°) and forcefield (applying a velocity-dependent force) conditions were tested. Our hypothesis was that cerebellar abnormalities observed in dystonia research would translate into deficits of cerebellar adaptation. We also examined the relationship between adaptation and dystonic head tremor as many primary tremor models implicate the cerebellothalamocortical network which is specifically tested by this motor paradigm. Rates of adaptation (learning) in cervical dystonia were identical to healthy controls in both visuomotor and forcefield tasks. Furthermore, the ability to adapt was not clearly related to clinical features of dystonic head tremor. We have shown that a key motor control function of the cerebellum is intact in the most common form of primary dystonia. These results have important implications for current anatomical models of the pathophysiology of dystonia. It is important to attempt to progress from general statements that implicate the cerebellum to a more specific evidence-based model. The role of the cerebellum in this enigmatic disease perhaps remains to be proven.
