"... In PAGE 13: ...1998 Software Education Relevance Survey Data 13 Variability in the Responses to Question 1 Tables 7 and 8 provide information about the variability of the responses to question 1. Table7 shows bipolarity, which is the tendency for there to be two distinct peaks in the data. Bipolarity is a measure of the depth and width of valleys between any two peaks in the histogram for a topic; a monotonically increasing or decreasing histogram would have a bipolarity of 0, as would a histogram with just one peak.... In PAGE 71: ...37 0.14 1 Table7 0: The most important 25 topics, considering topics found in both 1997 and 1998 surveys. Interesting differences highlighted in bold are... In PAGE 72: ...56 0.69 4 Table7 1: Continuation of table 70; topics that are considered less important,... In PAGE 73: ..... Other including no degree 22 12.9% Table7 2: Degree subjects of the 169 participants (out of 181) who responded to this question. Note that many participants had more than one degree.... In PAGE 74: ..... 1 each: Yugoslavia, Ukraine, South Africa, Portugal, Poland, France, Finland, Denmark, Chile, Bulgaria, Belgium, Australia 12 6.9% Table7 3: Country where each of the 174 (out of 181) responding participants had obtained their highest degree. California8% Quebec9% Other Canada2% Texas15% Other Country17% Ontario12% UK6% Other USA27% Minnesota4% Figure 10.... In PAGE 75: ...1% Only NON Real Time software 91 52.6% Table7 4: The type of software developed by each of the 169 participants who answered this question. Participants were given the list of four categories and... In PAGE 76: ...6% Non-Profit 1 0.6% Table7 5: Industries in which the participants worked. Note that some categories (e.... In PAGE 77: ...5% Large team: 15-60 people working on a large and complex system (typically between 100000 and 2 million lines of code) 22 13.1% Table7... In PAGE 78: ... No time spent on this 0-5% of time 5-10% of time 10-25% of time 25-50% of time 50-75% of time 75-100% of time Programming: Working with Source Code (writing code, understanding code etc.) 7% 9% 10% 14% 35% 15% 9% Requirements Analysis or Specification 5% 22% 37% 27% 7% 1% 1% Software Architecture and Design 8% 17% 24% 23% 22% 3% 2% Testing Software Written by Others 21% 34% 25% 11% 6% 1% 1% Installation and Customer Support 28% 29% 18% 15% 5% 5% 1% Maintenance: Understanding or Modifying Software or Documents Written by Others 7% 18% 24% 21% 14% 11% 5% Management or Project Management 13% 27% 18% 20% 8% 10% 4% Table7... In PAGE 79: ...3% 90s graduates 89 54.6% Table7 8: Graduation decades of participants in the survey. 12 to 17 years21% 6 to 11 years26% gt;= 18 years26% lt; 6 years27% Figure 12.... ..."

"... In PAGE 2: ...8 m telescope. Characteristics of the 7/10 m telescope are summarized in Table1 . The design concept of the telescope has already been presented elsewhere [2,3] and we note here that our challenge is in the plastic mirrors and the mirror tuning system.... ..."

"... In PAGE 65: ... At the same time, video surveillance is recommended at the high accident location along I-35/80. The interchanges or bridges nearest the location of the proposed camera are listed in Table7 -1 and Table 7-2. These locations are also identified in the system map in Appendix A.... In PAGE 65: ... If at all possible, the camera should be located at a position outside the area of reconstruction so that video surveillance can continue uninterrupted. Table7 -1 Locations of Video Surveillance and Detection Cameras on I-235 for Immediate Implementation I-235 Interchanges or Bridges Northeast I-235 amp; I-35/80 System Interchange Video Surveillance Euclid Avenue Interchange... In PAGE 66: ... 14th Street Interchange Video Detection E. 6th/Pennsylvania Interchange Video Detection 2nd Avenue Video Detection 7th Avenue Video Detection Cottage Grove Avenue Video Detection 42nd Street Video Detection 56th Street Video Detection 63rd Street Video Detection 73rd Street/8th Street Video Detection 22nd Street Video Detection 35th Street/Valley West Drive Video Surveillance Southwest I-235 amp; I-35/80 System Interchange Video Surveillance Table7 -2 Locations of Video Surveillance and Detection Cameras on I-35/80 for Immediate Implementation I-35/80 Interchanges or Bridges Northeast I-235 amp; I-35/80 System Interchange Video Surveillance E. 14th Street Video Surveillance Merle Hay Road Video Surveillance Hickman Road Video Surveillance Southwest I-235 amp; I-35/80 System Interchange... In PAGE 67: ...ontrol, etc.). The cost of a video surveillance camera, mounted on a pole, with full pan, tilt, and zoom capabilities is about $40,000 (not including the communications systems). The approximate costs for installing the surveillance cameras during each phase are listed below in Table7 -3. These numbers should only be viewed as indicative of the actual cost.... In PAGE 68: ... Table7 -3 Estimated Video Surveillance Costs Phase Number of Cameras Approximate Cost Immediate 8 $320,000 1 to 5 years 13 $520,000 5 to 10 years 3 $120,00 10 to 20 7 $280,00 Vehicle Detection Non-intrusive vehicle detection devices are recommended, rather than the more common in-the-pavement inductive loop detectors, for two principal reasons: 1) they are not prone to destruction due to mechanical action from the repetitive load or from freeze/thaw cycles and 2) when they do require maintenance, the maintenance is not performed through maintenance actions on the roadway itself (e.g.... In PAGE 70: ... The estimated cost of deploying detectors is show in Table 7-4. Table7 -4 Estimated Radar Detector In Side Fire Configuration Costs Phase Number of Detectors Approximate Cost Immediate 9 $216,00 1 to 5 years 4 $72,000 5 to 10 years 4 $72,000 10 to 20 7 $374,000 Highway Advisory Radio Highway Advisory Radio (HAR) is considered part of the core ITS infrastructure in most urban areas with an ATMTIS. HAR is a low-output (10 watts or less) radio transmitter used to provide traveler information.... In PAGE 74: ... These are only estimates and should only be used for planning purposes. Table7 -5 Estimated Freeway Mainline CMS Costs Phase Number of CMS Approximate Cost Immediate 0 $0 1 to 5 years 3 $345,000 - $570,000 5 to 10 years 2 $230,000 - $380,000 10 to 20 7 $805,000 - $1,330,000 Table 7-6 Estimated Arterial CMS Cost Phase Number of CMS Approximate Cost Immediate 0 $0 1 to 5 years 13 $715,000 - $1,170,000 5 to 10 years 0 $0 10 to 20 0 $0 Ramp Metering Ramp metering involves mounting a traffic signal head, cycling from red to green, on entrance ramps to freeway design standard facilities. The meter controls the flow of traffic... In PAGE 74: ... These are only estimates and should only be used for planning purposes. Table 7-5 Estimated Freeway Mainline CMS Costs Phase Number of CMS Approximate Cost Immediate 0 $0 1 to 5 years 3 $345,000 - $570,000 5 to 10 years 2 $230,000 - $380,000 10 to 20 7 $805,000 - $1,330,000 Table7 -6 Estimated Arterial CMS Cost Phase Number of CMS Approximate Cost Immediate 0 $0 1 to 5 years 13 $715,000 - $1,170,000 5 to 10 years 0 $0 10 to 20 0 $0 Ramp Metering Ramp metering involves mounting a traffic signal head, cycling from red to green, on entrance ramps to freeway design standard facilities. The meter controls the flow of traffic... In PAGE 76: ... When the bottleneck was removed through geometric improvements, the ramp meters were removed. Table7 -8 identifies the number of interchanges and link accidents which occurred during the peak periods in 1993 along I-235 and I-35/80 and indicates locations where further detailed study of ramp metering is recommended. Further study is required to identify whether it is possible to conduct ramp metering given the ramp geometry, the adequacy of acceleration and deceleration distances, and storage area on the ramps.... In PAGE 76: ... These indirect costs include those resulting from diverting trips away from the interstate or to another time of day, inequitably favoring individuals making long trips over those making short trips, and promoting longer trips. Table7 -8 Peak Period Accidents at Interchanges and Along Links LOCATION Interchange Accidents (weekday) Link Accidents (weekday) Meter Study Recommendation I-235 Interchanges AM Peak PM Peak Total AM Peak PM Peak Total NE 35/80/235 System Interchange 9 2... In PAGE 82: ... Only a single center is included in the estimate, although the architecture accommodates multiple centers with access to computer and video transmissions from throughout the network. Estimated ATMTIS Costs In Table7 -9 are summarized the estimated costs of the traffic management street and office hardware and traveler information systems. Added to the systems discussed in this chapter are incident management system and plan and the cable television and Internet traveler information systems.... In PAGE 83: ... These are only estimates and accurate cost information should be a result of engineering design. Table7 -9 Estimated Total ATMTIS Cost Planning Period ATMTIS Hardware Assets Immediate 1 - 5 Years 5 - 10 10 - 15 Years Years TMC Hardware $135,000 -- -- -- Video Surveillance $320,000 $520,000 $120,000 $280,000 Video Detection $680,000 -- -- -- Vehicle Detectors $216,000 $72,000 $72,000 $374,000 Highway Advisory Radio $82,500 -- $247,500 $165,000 Freeway Changeable Message Signs $0 $457,500 $305,000 $1,067,500 Arterial Changeable Message Signs $0 $942,500 $0 $0 Ramp Metering $570,000 $0 $0 $0 Communications System $7,143,000 $5,893,000 $0 $676,000 Total Hardware Costs $9,146,500 $7,885000 $744,500 $2,562,500 Hardware Engineering/Design $914,650 $788,500 $74,450 $256,250 System Integration $914,650 $788,500 $74,450 $256,250 Total Hardware, Design, and Integration $10,975,800 $9,462,000 $893,400 $3,075,000 ATMTIS Software and Systems Cable Television System/Interface $200,000 -- -- -- Internet Information System $30,000 -- -- -- Incident Management Plan $50,000 -- -- -- Incident Information System -- $50,000 -- -- TMC Software and Customizing $250,000 -- -- -- Total Cost for Software and Systems $530,000 $50,000 $0 $0 Grand Total $11,505,800 $9,565,000 $893,400 $3,075,000 ATMTIS Recommendations Summary A number of recommendations were made in this chapter. All the roadside ITS assets were recommended in this chapter.... In PAGE 84: ...examined as part of the I-235 reconstruction programs. The roadside ITS assets recommended are listed in Table7 -10 and the proposed locations of those devices is shown in the system map. Table 7-10 Number of ITS Roadside Devices... ..."