First-order logic

Influenza is a viral disease that has long been known to affect birds and some mammals, but was only recently recognized in dogs. Each influenza virus is maintained in one or more related host species; however, host specificity is not absolute. A virus may occasionally infect other animals, or on rare occasions, become adapted to a new species. No influenza viruses were known to circulate in dogs until 2004-2006, when a virus caused outbreaks of severe and often fatal respiratory disease among racing greyhounds in the U.S. This virus was acquired from horses, and probably entered greyhound populations several years before these outbreaks. Although it has spread to other dogs since this time, the illness in these animals has been more typical of influenza. The most common syndrome is a relatively mild upper respiratory disease with a persistent cough. Pneumonia is possible, generally as the result of secondary infection with bacteria or mycoplasma, but uncommon. At present, infections tend to be seen mainly in animal shelters, kennels, dog day care facilities, or other sites where groups of susceptible dogs are in close contact. This virus does not seem to have spread widely in other pets, and it has not yet been

The category theoretic structures of monads and comonads can be used as an abstraction mechanism for simplifying both language semantics and programs. Monads have been used to structure impure computations, whilst comonads have been used to structure context-dependent computations. Interestingly, the class of computations structured by monads and the class of computations structured by comonads are not mutually exclusive. This paper formalises and explores the conditions under which a monad and a comonad can both structure the same notion of computation: when a comonad is left adjoint to a monad. Furthermore, we examine situations where a particular monad/comonad model of computation is deficient in capturing the essence of a computational pattern and provide a technique for calculating an alternative monad or comonad structure which fully captures the essence of the computation. Included is some discussion on how to choose between a monad or comonad structure in the case where either can be used to capture a particular notion of computation. 1

Modulation of the steady-state visual evoked potential (SSVEP) by attention was studied in detail using 15 ‘tag ’ frequencies in the range of 2.5--20 Hz. The stimuli were two series of random disc search arrays superimposed on two concentric color-marked annuli respectively. Two series of arrays

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il prices have been increasing at an alarming rate since the start of the year. From an average retail price for diesel and unleaded gas of P16.50/liter and P20.90/liter respectively in January, prices have averaged about P19.70/liter and P25.20/liter respectively as of June 8, 2004

Microeconomic TheoryThis is a revised version of the book, last updated June 16th, 2013. Please e-mail me any comments and corrections.

This revision--o Change 7. This UPDATE printing publishes a reprint of this publication. o This publication was last printed on 30 June 1989.

(total wet weight) of the female specimens ranged from 129.8 to 3,381.4 g and that of the male specimens ranged from 128.6 and 2,378.4 g. The spawning periods were May to June and September. The fecundity ranged from 5,715 eggs at 252.0 g to 240,990 eggs at 3,381.4 g of total wet weight. The relationship

Extinction of the woolly mammoth in Beringia has long been subject to research and speculation. Here we use a new geo-referenced database of radiocarbon-dated evidence to show that mammoths were abundant in the open-habitat of marine Isotope stage 3 (~45–30 ka). During the Last Glacial maximum (~25–20