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...ender IATs: Results by participant race and gender 69sviasChapter 1: IntroductionsThe Implicit Association Test (IAT) is a computer-based psychological test pioneered bysGreenwald and his colleagues (=-=Greenwald, McGhee, & Schwartz, 1998-=-; Nosek, Greenwald,s& Banaji, 2007) for the measurement of implicit attitudes, stereotypes and beliefs.sTechnically, the IAT is said to measure the relative strength of the automatic associationssbetw...

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...ion(Greenwald et al.,s1998; Nosek et al., 2007). By a procedural manipulation of the category-pairs in IAT tasks,sdifferences in scores across tasks may be obtained. By applying a standard algorithms(=-=Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003-=-) this difference may be converted into a score termed thesIAT effect that gives an indication of the relative strength of association between the concepts.sIn practice the IAT effect is usually inter...

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...the analysis of and improvements to the IAT algorithm used in calculatings15sthe IAT effect (Greenwald et al., 2003), the malleability of IAT results through manipulationsof the experimental context (=-=Dasgupta & Greenwald, 2001-=-; Lowery, Hardin, & Sinclair,s2001), and the effects of varying the categories and exemplars that comprise the IAT'sscontent (De Houwer, 2001; Fazio & Olson, 2003; Govan & Williams, 2004; Mitchell, No...

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...that "when two concepts that share a responsesare strongly associated, the sorting task is considerably easier than when two responsesharing concepts are either weakly associated or bipolar-opposed" (=-=Greenwald et al., 2002-=-, p.s8). In other words, when a participant finds that the associative paired categories are morescompatible (or congruent) a more rapid sorting of the exemplars is facilitated, whereassincompatible (...

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...ng that it activates and what it is that the test actuallysmeasures, whether social perceptions or individual mental states or some mixture of the twos(Arkes & Tetlock, 2004; Blanton & Jaccard, 2006; =-=Karpinski & Hilton, 2001-=-; Olson & Fazio,s2004; Tetlock & Arkes, 2004). In 2004, an informal document entitled the "Revised Top TensList of Things Wrong with the IAT" was drafted (Greenwald, 2004). This document focusedson ar...

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...onship tosother implicit measures (Fazio & Olson, 2003; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001), convergence andsdivergence with explicit measures (Hofmann, Gawronski, Gschwendner, Le, & Schmitt,s2005; Nosek, 2005; =-=Nosek, Banaji, & Greenwald, 2002-=-; Olson & Fazio, 2003), the effects ofschanging various procedural elements of the IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998; Nosek, Greenwald,s& Banaji, 2005), the analysis of and improvements to the IAT algorithm...

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... The coresIAT assumption is that rapid responses to the assignment task indicate a stronger associationswith a category, whereas slower responses indicate a weaker association(Greenwald et al.,s1998; =-=Nosek et al., 2007-=-). By a procedural manipulation of the category-pairs in IAT tasks,sdifferences in scores across tasks may be obtained. By applying a standard algorithms(Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003) this differe...

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... Greenwald & Nosek, 2001; Kihlstrom, 2004) but has spread into othersareas such as developmental psychology (Baron & Banaji, 2006), clinical psychologys(Teachman, Gregg, & Woody, 2001), neuroscience (=-=Cunningham et al., 2004-=-; Phelps et al.,s2000) and market research (Maison, Gregg, & Bruin, 2002).sApplied Research DomainssA wide variety of attitudinal domains have been investigated using the IAT includingsattitudes towar...

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...IAT includingsattitudes towards age (Jelenec & Steffens, 2002), weight (Rudman, Feinberg, & Fairchild,s2002), nationality (Greenwald et al., 1998), religion (Rudman et al., 2002), sexual orientations(=-=Banse, Seise, & Zerbes, 2001-=-) and many others. Applied research into social attitudes usingsthe IAT typically reveals in-group over out-group preferences (Nosek et al., 2007).sA survey of the literature reveals that the domain m...

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...dividual testsshave been completed on the project implicit website (Lane et al., 2007).sThe IAT has been used primarily within the disciplines of social and cognitive psychologys(Fazio & Olson, 2003; =-=Greenwald & Nosek, 2001-=-; Kihlstrom, 2004) but has spread into othersareas such as developmental psychology (Baron & Banaji, 2006), clinical psychologys(Teachman, Gregg, & Woody, 2001), neuroscience (Cunningham et al., 2004;...

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...s thanshas been devoted to the effects of exemplar selection despite the acknowledgement that thescategory labels are more salient than the exemplars under usual test conditions (De Houwer,sin press; =-=Olson & Fazio, 2004-=-) and critical in their role of constraining exemplars22sinterpretation (Nosek et al., 2007). Indeed, only two published studies have investigated theseffects of category manipulation on IAT results i...

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...e literature reveals that the domain most frequently investigated using the IATsis that of racial attitudes (Baron & Banaji, 2006; Dasgupta, McGhee, Greenwald, & Banaji,s2000; Greenwald et al., 1998; =-=Mitchell, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003-=-; Ottaway, Hayden, & Oakes,s14s2001; Smith-Mclallen, Johnson, Dovidio, & Pearson, 2006). Racial attitude research hassrepeatedly revealed a strong pro-white preference amongst white participants with ...

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...d primarily within the disciplines of social and cognitive psychologys(Fazio & Olson, 2003; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001; Kihlstrom, 2004) but has spread into othersareas such as developmental psychology (=-=Baron & Banaji, 2006-=-), clinical psychologys(Teachman, Gregg, & Woody, 2001), neuroscience (Cunningham et al., 2004; Phelps et al.,s2000) and market research (Maison, Gregg, & Bruin, 2002).sApplied Research DomainssA wide...

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...of the cognitive processing that it activates and what it is that the test actuallysmeasures, whether social perceptions or individual mental states or some mixture of the twos(Arkes & Tetlock, 2004; =-=Blanton & Jaccard, 2006-=-; Karpinski & Hilton, 2001; Olson & Fazio,s2004; Tetlock & Arkes, 2004). In 2004, an informal document entitled the "Revised Top TensList of Things Wrong with the IAT" was drafted (Greenwald, 2004). T...

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...esGood category to the White+Good associative pair.sIAT ProceduresThe IAT is not a test that measures a specific construct, but rather represents a proceduralsformat for measuring implicit cognition (=-=Lane, Banaji, Nosek, & Greenwald, 2007-=-). Thesconstruct to be measured is determined by the researcher and then represented in the IATs5sthrough the judicious selection of the categories that describe the target and attributesdimensions an...

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...rsareas such as developmental psychology (Baron & Banaji, 2006), clinical psychologys(Teachman, Gregg, & Woody, 2001), neuroscience (Cunningham et al., 2004; Phelps et al.,s2000) and market research (=-=Maison, Gregg, & Bruin, 2002-=-).sApplied Research DomainssA wide variety of attitudinal domains have been investigated using the IAT includingsattitudes towards age (Jelenec & Steffens, 2002), weight (Rudman, Feinberg, & Fairchild...

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... domains have been investigated using the IAT includingsattitudes towards age (Jelenec & Steffens, 2002), weight (Rudman, Feinberg, & Fairchild,s2002), nationality (Greenwald et al., 1998), religion (=-=Rudman et al., 2002-=-), sexual orientations(Banse, Seise, & Zerbes, 2001) and many others. Applied research into social attitudes usingsthe IAT typically reveals in-group over out-group preferences (Nosek et al., 2007).sA...

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...ta &sGreenwald, 2001; Greenwald et al., 1998; Ottaway et al., 2001). Gender attitude research alsosfeatures prominently in the literature (Aidman & Carroll, 2003; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001;sMast, 2004; =-=Rudman & Goodwin, 2004-=-) with women typically preferring females oversmales and men evidencing a more neutral attitude (Rudman & Goodwin, 2004).sThis study is one of meta-research into the 1AT. It is not primarily intereste...

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... black participants (Banaji, Nosek, & Greenwald, 2004; Dasgupta &sGreenwald, 2001; Greenwald et al., 1998; Ottaway et al., 2001). Gender attitude research alsosfeatures prominently in the literature (=-=Aidman & Carroll, 2003-=-; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001;sMast, 2004; Rudman & Goodwin, 2004) with women typically preferring females oversmales and men evidencing a more neutral attitude (Rudman & Goodwin, 2004).sThis study is one...

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...n of a matter ofsconsiderable debate amongst researchers as to whether it is the nature of the IAT categoriessor the features of the IAT exemplars that are responsible for influencing the IAT effects(=-=Bluemke & Friese, 2006-=-; Nosek et al., 2007). It is within this particular niche ofsinvestigation that this study is located. To gain a proper appreciation for how this research isspositioned it is important to first review...

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... the conclusionssdrawn from their research have been challenged in a recent publication (Nosek & Hansen,s2005) but further evidence has also been offered in support of their extrapersonal hypothesiss(=-=Han, Olson, & Fazio, 2006-=-). Whatever the outcome of this debate, it is clear that Olson andsFazio's (2004) manipulation of the attribute categories from their traditional labelling to asmore personalised labelling was suffici...

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...nitial attempts at measuring constructs such assattitudes, beliefs, stereotypes, values and motives relied largely on self-report questionnairessand other similar survey instruments (De Houwer, 2006; =-=Kihlstrom, 2004-=-). However, suchspsychometric instruments are limited by their reliance on the willingness and ability ofsrespondents to disclose their personal views and feelings (Greenwald et al., 2002). As such,st...

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... et al.,s2000) and market research (Maison, Gregg, & Bruin, 2002).sApplied Research DomainssA wide variety of attitudinal domains have been investigated using the IAT includingsattitudes towards age (=-=Jelenec & Steffens, 2002-=-), weight (Rudman, Feinberg, & Fairchild,s2002), nationality (Greenwald et al., 1998), religion (Rudman et al., 2002), sexual orientations(Banse, Seise, & Zerbes, 2001) and many others. Applied resear...

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...2004; Dasgupta &sGreenwald, 2001; Greenwald et al., 1998; Ottaway et al., 2001). Gender attitude research alsosfeatures prominently in the literature (Aidman & Carroll, 2003; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001;s=-=Mast, 2004-=-; Rudman & Goodwin, 2004) with women typically preferring females oversmales and men evidencing a more neutral attitude (Rudman & Goodwin, 2004).sThis study is one of meta-research into the 1AT. It is...

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...ing the IATsis that of racial attitudes (Baron & Banaji, 2006; Dasgupta, McGhee, Greenwald, & Banaji,s2000; Greenwald et al., 1998; Mitchell, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003; Ottaway, Hayden, & Oakes,s14s2001; =-=Smith-Mclallen, Johnson, Dovidio, & Pearson, 2006-=-). Racial attitude research hassrepeatedly revealed a strong pro-white preference amongst white participants with a tendencysto neutrality among black participants (Banaji, Nosek, & Greenwald, 2004; D...

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...o, & Pearson, 2006). Racial attitude research hassrepeatedly revealed a strong pro-white preference amongst white participants with a tendencysto neutrality among black participants (Banaji, Nosek, & =-=Greenwald, 2004-=-; Dasgupta &sGreenwald, 2001; Greenwald et al., 1998; Ottaway et al., 2001). Gender attitude research alsosfeatures prominently in the literature (Aidman & Carroll, 2003; Greenwald & Nosek, 2001;sMast...

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... web-server. The programmatic calculation of IAT scoresswas verified by a comparison with results obtained using the SPSS statistical packagesexecuting the algorithm available on Greenwald's website (=-=Greenwald, 2005-=-).s48sData AnalysissThe data from each of the experiments were analysed using a one-way ANOVA. This wassdone in order to determine whether or not there were statistically significant differencessbetwe...