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...l be more cooperative than others even if the same issue is at stake” (p. 8). The third corresponds to role theory, positing that a particular action is consistent with the actor’s role expectations (=-=Festinger, 1957-=-). Identity imposes socially appropriate roles on actors. On this account, the motives to act in a certain way are influenced by a decision to meet social expectations, rather than a decision to selec...

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...commit to different behaviors. In other words, whether something is viewed as an uncompensated loss or as a cost incurred to achieve some benefit makes a difference in the actor’s behavioral choices (=-=Tversky & Kahneman, 1981-=-). The most important finding in this regard is that material facts take on different meanings according to the regulatory context. Action may flow from material incentives, but identity affects the v...

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...and their behavior. To maintain a sense of “I am truly who I think I am,” I need not only the implicit confirmation of identity on my part but also the explicit confirmation that others bestow on me (=-=Berger & Luckmann, 1967-=-). The Massachusetts association’s deliberate outreach to outsiders was successful at inducing regulators to witness drycleaners’ credible commitment to social responsibility. In return, the MADEP gav...

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...st three components that make it differ from other modes of discourse or organizing experience (Monroe, 2001): storytellers as actors, their perspectives on events, and sequential ordering of events (=-=Bruner, 1996-=-). First, storytellers necessarily locate themselves somewhere in the story, whether as active Lee / Socio-Political Contexts 743sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 16, 2016aas.sagepub.comDownloaded fr...

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...hers. Because identities are developed through repeated interactive processes, they have a corresponding capacity to judge and produce contextually meaningful behavior that makes sense of situations (=-=Markus & Nurius, 1986-=-). Differences in identities associated with different socio-political relations lead to corresponding differences in preferences and, thus, differences in behavioral choices. Admittedly, the applicat...

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... p. 3). This theory claims that motivations for compliance result from regulated entities’ sense of moral obligation to do the right thing rather than from expected utility (Schwartz & Orleans, 1967; =-=Tyler, 1990-=-). Under this approach, compliance is natural and automatic (Wilson, 1993). Although these two theories provide radically different accounts of how compliance behavior is to be interpreted, they build...

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..., 1986). Although their stories deal with the same events, they begin and end at different moments and are framed in different ways that locate different actors in different worlds (Mandelbaum, 1991; =-=Schon & Rein, 1994-=-). This aspect enables us to better understand the nature of events in the specific socio-political context by discerning the meaning of facts to the actors. When analyzing drycleaners’ narratives, we...

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...t of identity has recently stimulated research in a variety of academic disciplines, including studies of social movements (Green & Shapiro, 1994), developmental economics (Kaufman & Zuckerman, 1998; =-=Ouchi, 1982-=-), and organizational theories (Brickson, 2000), to name a few. Despite varying degrees, they have demonstrated the important role of identity in guiding the behavior of actors, whether as individuals...

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...and Identity Formation In recent years, there has been increasing recognition that identity is not a single, overarching categorical status but is multifaceted, alive with complexities (Dillon, 2005; =-=Kondo, 1990-=-). This refined concept of identity challenged the longstanding linear stage models of identity formation and led much research to focus primarily on continuous deconstruction and Lee / Socio-Politica...

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...ions; identity The situation in which the state authority exercises power over peopleand commands them to do something in the name of the law is a recurrent, significant theme in the social sciences (=-=Beetham, 1991-=-; Milgram, 1965). It is expressed in our everyday life in the case of government regulation. A critical question in this regard is why some actors comply with regulations and others do not. There have...

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...t Enforcement Styles The Southern California Case In the United States, the relationship between regulators and regulated entities is characterized as “legal formalization” or “adversarial legalism” (=-=Bardach & Kagan, 1982-=-; Kagan, 2001; Wallace, 1995). Regulators have typically viewed firms as objects for regulatory coercion, as opposed to important participants in policy discourse. Malloy and Sinsheimer’s (2004) study...

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...t. We now turn to that inquiry. Identity as a Behavioral Guidance The concept of identity has recently stimulated research in a variety of academic disciplines, including studies of social movements (=-=Green & Shapiro, 1994-=-), developmental economics (Kaufman & Zuckerman, 1998; Ouchi, 1982), and organizational theories (Brickson, 2000), to name a few. Despite varying degrees, they have demonstrated the important role of ...

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...The situation in which the state authority exercises power over peopleand commands them to do something in the name of the law is a recurrent, significant theme in the social sciences (Beetham, 1991; =-=Milgram, 1965-=-). It is expressed in our everyday life in the case of government regulation. A critical question in this regard is why some actors comply with regulations and others do not. There have traditionally ...

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...egulated entities’ sense of moral obligation to do the right thing rather than from expected utility (Schwartz & Orleans, 1967; Tyler, 1990). Under this approach, compliance is natural and automatic (=-=Wilson, 1993-=-). Although these two theories provide radically different accounts of how compliance behavior is to be interpreted, they build on a common project: identifying the most universal principles independe...

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...rch in a variety of academic disciplines, including studies of social movements (Green & Shapiro, 1994), developmental economics (Kaufman & Zuckerman, 1998; Ouchi, 1982), and organizational theories (=-=Brickson, 2000-=-), to name a few. Despite varying degrees, they have demonstrated the important role of identity in guiding the behavior of actors, whether as individuals or groups. However, there is a noticeable pau...

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...ood” (March & Olsen, 2004, p. 3). This theory claims that motivations for compliance result from regulated entities’ sense of moral obligation to do the right thing rather than from expected utility (=-=Schwartz & Orleans, 1967-=-; Tyler, 1990). Under this approach, compliance is natural and automatic (Wilson, 1993). Although these two theories provide radically different accounts of how compliance behavior is to be interprete...

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...ip is the argument that cooperative approaches often impede the needed changes, especially where regulators are unduly influenced or captured by the regulated (Ashford, 2002; Caldart & Ashford, 1999; =-=Coglianese, 1997-=-, 1999). On this account, an adversarial regulatory regime may be viewed as a legitimate response to agency capture. Indeed, an adversarial regime was, to a significant degree, successful 748 Administ...

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... the basis for making the world meaningful. Once shaped by existing socio-political relations, identity functions as an axis of interpretation that enables us to find what is relevant to one’s being (=-=Markus, Smith, & Moreland, 1985-=-). This process affects the way incentives are valuated, whether economic or normative. If we summarize the Southern California interviewees’ view of the given regulation, it runs as follows: “Rule 14...

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...representing knowledge, and as the reliance on (and development of) interpretive schemas that bound and order a chaotic situation, facilitate interpretation and provide a guide for doing and acting” (=-=Laws & Rein, 2003-=-, p. 173, italics added). To emulate Max Weber’s expression, it provides a finite segment of meaningless infinity and, thus, the basis for making the world meaningful. Once shaped by existing socio-po...

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...than others. What we aim to show is how the behavioral outcomes become varied as actors interpret or characterize their past and present and project them into their upcoming future in different ways (=-=Piore, 1995-=-). For detailed analyses, we conducted interviews with 25 drycleaners in Southern California and 38 in Massachusetts. We also interviewed three staff members in the South Coast Air Quality Management ...

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...91). A model of moral reasoning claims that when the legal system is viewed as unfair and when consequences of compliance are considered as a burden, moral obligation is less likely to affect action (=-=Rest, 1984-=-). Although those studies show that there is a tradeoff between moral obligations and economic outcomes, they do not delve into the patterns of interactions that could possibly change the trade-offs. ...

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...ing to social norms that prescribe which action is appropriate. The criteria actors use to act appropriately are based on tacit understandings of “what is true, reasonable, natural, right, and good” (=-=March & Olsen, 2004-=-, p. 3). This theory claims that motivations for compliance result from regulated entities’ sense of moral obligation to do the right thing rather than from expected utility (Schwartz & Orleans, 1967;...

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...lifornia Case In the United States, the relationship between regulators and regulated entities is characterized as “legal formalization” or “adversarial legalism” (Bardach & Kagan, 1982; Kagan, 2001; =-=Wallace, 1995-=-). Regulators have typically viewed firms as objects for regulatory coercion, as opposed to important participants in policy discourse. Malloy and Sinsheimer’s (2004) study confirms this ethic of the ...

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...e locate this research within two related sets of the literature: compliance motivations (e.g., May, 2005; May & Wood, 2003; Scholz, 1984) and regulatory enforcement (e.g., Ayres & Braithwaite, 1992; =-=Gunningham, Kagan, & Thornton, 2003-=-; Kagan, 2001). The evolving picture from this line of research is that the nature of regulatory enforcement settings fosters different regulatory relations and generates varying degrees of environmen...

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...le,” the combination of multiple attitudes. Consistent with the finding cited above, Winter and May’s (2001) serial studies of Danish agro-environmental regulation, the U.S. building code provisions (=-=May, 2004-=-; May & Wood, 2003), and water quality control regulation targeting marine facilities (May, 2005) revealed that both formal threats and moral education of regulatees are of significance in actualizing...

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...and stages (Kaplan, 1986). Although their stories deal with the same events, they begin and end at different moments and are framed in different ways that locate different actors in different worlds (=-=Mandelbaum, 1991-=-; Schon & Rein, 1994). This aspect enables us to better understand the nature of events in the specific socio-political context by discerning the meaning of facts to the actors. When analyzing dryclea...

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...enas. For example, many studies of migrant entrepreneurship in the United States have shown that certain immigrant groups concentrate in certain industries that include small businesses (Piore, 1990; =-=Portes & Mozo, 1985-=-). Despite their collective potential for environmental harms and the problems of labor standard enforcement, it is extremely difficult to regulate these enterprises, due partly to the limited regulat...

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...ated sets of the literature: compliance motivations (e.g., May, 2005; May & Wood, 2003; Scholz, 1984) and regulatory enforcement (e.g., Ayres & Braithwaite, 1992; Gunningham, Kagan, & Thornton, 2003; =-=Kagan, 2001-=-). The evolving picture from this line of research is that the nature of regulatory enforcement settings fosters different regulatory relations and generates varying degrees of environmental performan...

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...tances. Their major finding is that compliance behavior is determined by mixed motives embracing both economic and normative factors, rather than on an either–or basis (e.g., Gunningham et al., 2003; =-=Gunningham, Thornton, & Kagan, 2005-=-; Lee / Socio-Political Contexts 747sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 16, 2016aas.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsMay, 2005; Winter & May, 2001). For example, Gunningham et al.’s (2003) study of paper mil...

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...nd reveal the specific contexts in which their behavior has occurred (Monroe, 2001). Third, storytellers describe the certain phenomena in crafted stories with beginnings, endings, plots, and stages (=-=Kaplan, 1986-=-). Although their stories deal with the same events, they begin and end at different moments and are framed in different ways that locate different actors in different worlds (Mandelbaum, 1991; Schon ...

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...l., 2003). At the core of this scholarship is the argument that cooperative approaches often impede the needed changes, especially where regulators are unduly influenced or captured by the regulated (=-=Ashford, 2002-=-; Caldart & Ashford, 1999; Coglianese, 1997, 1999). On this account, an adversarial regulatory regime may be viewed as a legitimate response to agency capture. Indeed, an adversarial regime was, to a ...

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...avioral Guidance The concept of identity has recently stimulated research in a variety of academic disciplines, including studies of social movements (Green & Shapiro, 1994), developmental economics (=-=Kaufman & Zuckerman, 1998-=-; Ouchi, 1982), and organizational theories (Brickson, 2000), to name a few. Despite varying degrees, they have demonstrated the important role of identity in guiding the behavior of actors, whether a...

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...t of the self in response to the interpersonal and social world” (p. 220). Although the proliferation of identity-based studies has resulted in a lack of precision about what identity actually means (=-=Abdelal, Herrera, Johnston, & Martin, 2001-=-), Erikson’s definition corresponds to our thesis in that it implies that identity is inherently social and relational (Dillon, 2005). More recent theories of social identity support this idea. In con...

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... on May 16, 2016aas.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsTo make theoretical headway on this concern, we locate this research within two related sets of the literature: compliance motivations (e.g., May, 2005; =-=May & Wood, 2003-=-; Scholz, 1984) and regulatory enforcement (e.g., Ayres & Braithwaite, 1992; Gunningham, Kagan, & Thornton, 2003; Kagan, 2001). The evolving picture from this line of research is that the nature of re...

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... STATE UNIV on May 16, 2016aas.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsTo make theoretical headway on this concern, we locate this research within two related sets of the literature: compliance motivations (e.g., =-=May, 2005-=-; May & Wood, 2003; Scholz, 1984) and regulatory enforcement (e.g., Ayres & Braithwaite, 1992; Gunningham, Kagan, & Thornton, 2003; Kagan, 2001). The evolving picture from this line of research is tha...

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...he core of this scholarship is the argument that cooperative approaches often impede the needed changes, especially where regulators are unduly influenced or captured by the regulated (Ashford, 2002; =-=Caldart & Ashford, 1999-=-; Coglianese, 1997, 1999). On this account, an adversarial regulatory regime may be viewed as a legitimate response to agency capture. Indeed, an adversarial regime was, to a significant degree, succe...

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...er cognitively in order to make sense of reality” (Patterson & Monroe, 1998, p. 315). It involves at least three components that make it differ from other modes of discourse or organizing experience (=-=Monroe, 2001-=-): storytellers as actors, their perspectives on events, and sequential ordering of events (Bruner, 1996). First, storytellers necessarily locate themselves somewhere in the story, whether as active L...

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...s.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsTo make theoretical headway on this concern, we locate this research within two related sets of the literature: compliance motivations (e.g., May, 2005; May & Wood, 2003; =-=Scholz, 1984-=-) and regulatory enforcement (e.g., Ayres & Braithwaite, 1992; Gunningham, Kagan, & Thornton, 2003; Kagan, 2001). The evolving picture from this line of research is that the nature of regulatory enfor...

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...ta for analysis to meet that purpose. Narrative refers to “the ways in which we construct the disparate facts in our own worlds and weave them together cognitively in order to make sense of reality” (=-=Patterson & Monroe, 1998-=-, p. 315). It involves at least three components that make it differ from other modes of discourse or organizing experience (Monroe, 2001): storytellers as actors, their perspectives on events, and se...

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...regulatory arenas. For example, many studies of migrant entrepreneurship in the United States have shown that certain immigrant groups concentrate in certain industries that include small businesses (=-=Piore, 1990-=-; Portes & Mozo, 1985). Despite their collective potential for environmental harms and the problems of labor standard enforcement, it is extremely difficult to regulate these enterprises, due partly t...

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... headway on this concern, we locate this research within two related sets of the literature: compliance motivations (e.g., May, 2005; May & Wood, 2003; Scholz, 1984) and regulatory enforcement (e.g., =-=Ayres & Braithwaite, 1992-=-; Gunningham, Kagan, & Thornton, 2003; Kagan, 2001). The evolving picture from this line of research is that the nature of regulatory enforcement settings fosters different regulatory relations and ge...

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...tant cognitive mechanism linking regulatory relations to compliance behavior. To construct an empirical account of compliance based on identity, we first must define the term. Erikson (1963, cited in =-=Dillon, 2005-=-) construes identity as “the development of the self in response to the interpersonal and social world” (p. 220). Although the proliferation of identity-based studies has resulted in a lack of precisi...

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...ries of rule compliance, this article is concerned with compliance behavior in particular social contexts, rather than universally, and with concrete social relations, rather than ideal-typical ones (=-=Granovetter, 1990-=-). In so doing, the article attempts to develop an empirically grounded understanding of compliance behavior. It argues that when identity concerns prevail, compliance behavior is a manifest expressio...

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...io-Political Contexts 755sat PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV on May 16, 2016aas.sagepub.comDownloaded fromsreconstruction of the self in concert with the recognition of changing sociopolitical relationships (=-=Taira, 2002-=-). Given that identity is potentially multifaceted (Fiske & von Hendy, 1992), an important issue is how identity is constructed variously to specific situations or why one identity is chosen over othe...