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...n be found in [1, Fig. 2]. C. PU Detection Since an SU must not use a channel when a PU is present, it should obtain information about PU activities. Typically, this is implemented using PU detectors =-=[32]-=-. Alternatively, PU activity information can be assumed to be broadcasted by a central device. We can thus classify OSA MAC protocols into scanning and nonscanning OSAs. From Table I, we can conclude ...

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...users in the network, e.g., via a proprietary protocol. Interestingly, only a handful of proposed OSA MACs consider bootstrapping, e.g., C-MAC [18], AS-MAC [19], DOSS [13] (only for a CC), and HD-MAC =-=[28]-=-. Bootstrapping, which is sometimes also referred to as channel selection [30], is mostly explored in a single-channel context. In the multichannel domain, MAC designers usually assume that each OSA n...

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...erated using the method of batch means for 95% confidence intervals. Each simulation was divided into at least five batches, where each batch contained at least 5000 networkrelated events (see, e.g., =-=[37]-=- for a similar approach of analytical model verification). 1) Comparison of the Proposed Model With [10]: As we have noted in Section III-C2, the transition probability matrix of [10, eq. (6)] for com...

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... medium access and functionalities related to channel management. Examples of these architectures for OSA are Common Spectrum Coordination Channel [5], Spectrum Information Channel [6], and DIMSUMNet =-=[7]-=-. For the distributed case, each node of the network locally decides on the channel access. The focus of this paper is the analysis of distributed OSA MACs only since centralized solutions are, in our...

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...rmance of spectrum sharing in general are [8] and [9]. However, they neglect many implementation details. Our starting point for the analysis is the multichannel MAC comparison framework presented in =-=[10]-=-, which was extended to the context of OSA. A detailed physical layer model with fading, PU activity, PU detection, and packet capture is added. Using this model, we show that a control channel (CC) s...

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...nels, each node distributes its set of channels to other users in the network, e.g., via a proprietary protocol. Interestingly, only a handful of proposed OSA MACs consider bootstrapping, e.g., C-MAC =-=[18]-=-, AS-MAC [19], DOSS [13] (only for a CC), and HD-MAC [28]. Bootstrapping, which is sometimes also referred to as channel selection [30], is mostly explored in a single-channel context. In the multicha...

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...de distributes its set of channels to other users in the network, e.g., via a proprietary protocol. Interestingly, only a handful of proposed OSA MACs consider bootstrapping, e.g., C-MAC [18], AS-MAC =-=[19]-=-, DOSS [13] (only for a CC), and HD-MAC [28]. Bootstrapping, which is sometimes also referred to as channel selection [30], is mostly explored in a single-channel context. In the multichannel domain, ...

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...tes its set of channels to other users in the network, e.g., via a proprietary protocol. Interestingly, only a handful of proposed OSA MACs consider bootstrapping, e.g., C-MAC [18], AS-MAC [19], DOSS =-=[13]-=- (only for a CC), and HD-MAC [28]. Bootstrapping, which is sometimes also referred to as channel selection [30], is mostly explored in a single-channel context. In the multichannel domain, MAC designe...

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...ow multichannel MAC design and PU detection quality impact the OSA network performance. We note that the only papers that focus on assessing the performance of spectrum sharing in general are [8] and =-=[9]-=-. However, they neglect many implementation details. Our starting point for the analysis is the multichannel MAC comparison framework presented in [10], which was extended to the context of OSA. A det...

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...twork entity is responsible for the management of the medium access and functionalities related to channel management. Examples of these architectures for OSA are Common Spectrum Coordination Channel =-=[5]-=-, Spectrum Information Channel [6], and DIMSUMNet [7]. For the distributed case, each node of the network locally decides on the channel access. The focus of this paper is the analysis of distributed ...

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...e management of the medium access and functionalities related to channel management. Examples of these architectures for OSA are Common Spectrum Coordination Channel [5], Spectrum Information Channel =-=[6]-=-, and DIMSUMNet [7]. For the distributed case, each node of the network locally decides on the channel access. The focus of this paper is the analysis of distributed OSA MACs only since centralized so...

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...and on how multichannel MAC design and PU detection quality impact the OSA network performance. We note that the only papers that focus on assessing the performance of spectrum sharing in general are =-=[8]-=- and [9]. However, they neglect many implementation details. Our starting point for the analysis is the multichannel MAC comparison framework presented in [10], which was extended to the context of OS...

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...signs in OSA context proposed so far belongs to the MRCC class of multichannel MAC protocols. A detailed discussion on the operation of the MRCC MAC proposal for a non-OSA environment can be found in =-=[31]-=-. We can further classify the multichannel MACs into two major groups: 1) with dedicated CC, i.e., DCC and SPCC, and 2) with hopping, i.e., HCC and MRCC. The multichannel MAC analysis framework of [10...

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...handful of proposed OSA MACs consider bootstrapping, e.g., C-MAC [18], AS-MAC [19], DOSS [13] (only for a CC), and HD-MAC [28]. Bootstrapping, which is sometimes also referred to as channel selection =-=[30]-=-, is mostly explored in a single-channel context. In the multichannel domain, MAC designers usually assume that each OSA node has a preprogrammed list of PU channels to use. We will also assume in our...

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...ture.1 The identified protocol features that are important in the context of OSA are described in detail in the succeeding sections. More discussion on the identified features can be found in [1] and =-=[12]-=-. A. Bootstrapping and Channel Selection Bootstrapping is the process during which an SU node decides which PU channels are suited for opportunistic use. In one scenario, external entities provide inf...

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...hat opportunistically use the empty frequencies. This communication technique is called opportunistic spectrum access (OSA). More discussion on OSA and its relation to cognitive radio can be found in =-=[1]-=-–[4]. The concept of OSA, with it being very promising and attractive, introduces many new research challenges. The main research questions are related to preserving the quality of service (QoS) for p...

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... detected the channel as free from PU activity, if the received PU signal has been in deep fade, the OSA node might be able to successfully transmit its packet (this effect has been observed first in =-=[34]-=-) due to packet capture. Therefore, we have introduced the packet capture model to account for these phenomena in our analysis. We assume that n colliding OSA packets with the average received power P...

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...opportunistically use the empty frequencies. This communication technique is called opportunistic spectrum access (OSA). More discussion on OSA and its relation to cognitive radio can be found in [1]–=-=[4]-=-. The concept of OSA, with it being very promising and attractive, introduces many new research challenges. The main research questions are related to preserving the quality of service (QoS) for prima...

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...a function of pf . Finding an optimal solution in this form is difficult and involves the use of heuristics such as finding, first, a convex envelope and then the optimal value of pd that satisfies α =-=[38]-=-, which is beyond the scope of this paper. However, we can think of the other simple heuristic for solving (20). First, we find hmax = sW − 2 that fulfills pd = α and compute R using (11). We then ...