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...constrained energy resource, are becoming increasingly applicable to civilian and military applications, such as environmental monitoring, chemical attack detection, and battlefield surveillance, etc =-=[1,2]-=-. By now, most applications and research work focus on homogeneous wireless sensor networks, where all sensor nodes are identical in terms of energy resource, computation and wireless communication ca...

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...randomly scattered in a rectangular area. For each simulation scenario, fifty runs with different random node distributions are conducted and only the average is presented. We use the energy model in =-=[20]-=- where the energy consumption ratio for transmitting, receiving, idle and sleep is 20 : 4 : 4 : 0.01. Assume that the energy consumption of a node in idle state for 1 second is 1 unit. All sensor node...

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...itoring quality of the target field. Traditional connectivity constraint in WSNs requires sensor nodes form a connected communication network, which means any pair of node exists a communication path =-=[8,9,10]-=-. However, this constraint is often too rigorous for most applications of WSNs. The typical communication paradigm of most applications is as follows: sensor nodes report sensing data to and receive f...

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... problem related to coverage and connectivity requirements in the two-tiered heterogeneous sensor networks. Coverage depicts the quality of sensing physical world and is a fundamental problem in WSNs =-=[4,5,6,7]-=-. In general, there are three types of coverage in WSNs, i.e., point coverage, barrier coverage and area coverage [4]. In this paper, we concentrate on area coverage, which requires the entire area be...

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...26. broadcast a PRR and remove leaf mark 27. return 28. end if 29. end while 30. end if Constructing MRCSC in Heterogeneous Wireless Sensor Networks 489 thus T0 = 4ms. The link communication model in =-=[21]-=- is employed, where the sdd of a wireless link is defined as follows: sdd (eij) = ⎧ ⎨ ⎩ 1− 0.2d/rc0 : d ≤ rc0 2.4− 1.6d/rc0 : rc0 ≤ d ≤ 1.5rc0 0 : d > 1.5rc0 where eij is the link between node si and ...

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...itoring quality of the target field. Traditional connectivity constraint in WSNs requires sensor nodes form a connected communication network, which means any pair of node exists a communication path =-=[8,9,10]-=-. However, this constraint is often too rigorous for most applications of WSNs. The typical communication paradigm of most applications is as follows: sensor nodes report sensing data to and receive f...

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... problem related to coverage and connectivity requirements in the two-tiered heterogeneous sensor networks. Coverage depicts the quality of sensing physical world and is a fundamental problem in WSNs =-=[4,5,6,7]-=-. In general, there are three types of coverage in WSNs, i.e., point coverage, barrier coverage and area coverage [4]. In this paper, we concentrate on area coverage, which requires the entire area be...

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... problem related to coverage and connectivity requirements in the two-tiered heterogeneous sensor networks. Coverage depicts the quality of sensing physical world and is a fundamental problem in WSNs =-=[4,5,6,7]-=-. In general, there are three types of coverage in WSNs, i.e., point coverage, barrier coverage and area coverage [4]. In this paper, we concentrate on area coverage, which requires the entire area be...

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...erogeneity can provide more than 5-fold increase in network lifetime. Assuming that type 0 and type 1 nodes are distributed within the target area with the intensity of λ0 and λ1 respectively, Mhatre =-=[12]-=- determines the optimal node intensities (λ0, λ1) and node energy that can work at lest T units while ensuring connectivity and coverage with a high probability. Considering the different manufacturin...

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...t each sensor is k-vertex relay node connected and minimize the maximum sensor transmission range. Assuming communication devices of the same type may have different maximal transmission powers, Ning =-=[18]-=- proposes two localized topology control algorithms (DRNG and DLMST) from the point of view of transmission range heterogeneity. In this paper, we address the energy efficiency problem in heterogeneou...

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...pe of network organization and data communication paradigm can effectively save sensor nodes’ energy, extend network lifetime, enhance network scalability, and improve data delivery ratio and latency =-=[13,3]-=-. sink sensor node relay node Fig. 1. Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks This paper focuses on the energy efficiency problem related to coverage and connectivity requirements in the two-tiered het...

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...f the hardware as well as the energy of two types of nodes, Mhatre [13] presents a cost based comparative study of homogeneous and heterogeneous clustered sensor networks. Under cost constraints, Lee =-=[14]-=- derives the optimal heterogeneous mixture of nodes to maximize lifetime in single-hop communication model, and investigates the impact of heterogeneity on lifetime sensing coverage and coverage aging...

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...nected sensor cover problem trying to find maximum number of set covers where each set cover monitors all discrete point targets and each sensor node is connected to at least one relay node. M.Caidei =-=[16]-=- addresses a target coverage problem under sensing heterogeneity where sensors are assigned suitable sensing ranges to form a maximum number of set covers. M.Caidei [17] addresses the k-degree anycast...

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... problem related to coverage and connectivity requirements in the two-tiered heterogeneous sensor networks. Coverage depicts the quality of sensing physical world and is a fundamental problem in WSNs =-=[4,5,6,7]-=-. In general, there are three types of coverage in WSNs, i.e., point coverage, barrier coverage and area coverage [4]. In this paper, we concentrate on area coverage, which requires the entire area be...

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...constrained energy resource, are becoming increasingly applicable to civilian and military applications, such as environmental monitoring, chemical attack detection, and battlefield surveillance, etc =-=[1,2]-=-. By now, most applications and research work focus on homogeneous wireless sensor networks, where all sensor nodes are identical in terms of energy resource, computation and wireless communication ca...

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...least one relay node. M.Caidei [16] addresses a target coverage problem under sensing heterogeneity where sensors are assigned suitable sensing ranges to form a maximum number of set covers. M.Caidei =-=[17]-=- addresses the k-degree anycast topology control problem in a heterogeneous wireless sensor network. This work aims to optimize sensors’ communication radius such that each sensor is k-vertex relay no...

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...itoring quality of the target field. Traditional connectivity constraint in WSNs requires sensor nodes form a connected communication network, which means any pair of node exists a communication path =-=[8,9,10]-=-. However, this constraint is often too rigorous for most applications of WSNs. The typical communication paradigm of most applications is as follows: sensor nodes report sensing data to and receive f...

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...ous mixture of nodes to maximize lifetime in single-hop communication model, and investigates the impact of heterogeneity on lifetime sensing coverage and coverage aging. 480 J. Jiang et al. I.Caidei =-=[15]-=- introduces heterogeneous connected sensor cover problem trying to find maximum number of set covers where each set cover monitors all discrete point targets and each sensor node is connected to at le...

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...pe of network organization and data communication paradigm can effectively save sensor nodes’ energy, extend network lifetime, enhance network scalability, and improve data delivery ratio and latency =-=[13,3]-=-. sink sensor node relay node Fig. 1. Heterogeneous wireless sensor networks This paper focuses on the energy efficiency problem related to coverage and connectivity requirements in the two-tiered het...