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...er. The physiological response to a stressing agent is strongly related to each individual, and such a response is similar, independent of the time during the stressing stimulus provoked the response =-=[28]-=-. Moreover, stress mechanism extracts some information from the stimuli so that if such stressing agent appears again, the human body is able to react faster and better compared with the first time [1...

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...s, there exist many previous works related to this topic. The essay presented by Begum et al. [5] presents a study of stress detection based only on finger temperature (FT), together with fuzzy logic =-=[6]-=- and case-based reasoning [3]. HR variability has been also considered as a stress marker in human body. Due to this reason, HR has been widely studied and analyzed. Several authors consider this sign...

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...ossible to deduce the intention of the individual from these results, a very remarkable conclusion for future computer applications and for the sake of a better human–computer interaction (HCI) [11], =-=[12]-=-. The work presented by Sarkar [11] proposes fuzzy logic (as Jiang and Wang [13]) to elucidate up to what extent a user is under stress. Furthermore, it introduces an approach oriented to improve HCI....

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...d to improve HCI. Moreover, the work presented by Healey and Picard [2] deserves special mention, since they are considered to be pioneers on stress-detection field. The research by Lisetti and Nasoz =-=[14]-=- provides a complete study on emotion recognition, including a deep literature review on the experiments carried out to provoke emotions considering populations, algorithms, approaches, and so forth. ...

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...tudied and analyzed. Several authors consider this signal in 0278-0046/$26.00 © 2011 IEEE 4858 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS, VOL. 58, NO. 10, OCTOBER 2011 their reports: Jovanov et al. =-=[7]-=- presented a stress monitoring system based on a distributed wireless architecture implemented on intelligent sensors. HR was recorded along different locations in individual body by means of sensors ...

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...methods to extract HR, the most common methods consider to measure the frequency of the well-known QRS complex in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal [19], [20]. In contrast to ECG biometric properties =-=[21]-=-, HR is not distinctive enough to identify an individual. Nevertheless, HR signal behaves in a different manner depending on the stimulus and the individual. Summarizing, both HR and GSR behave differ...

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...ctance (SC), and HR. These two signals were selected based on their properties regarding noninvasivity when being acquired and because their variation is strongly related to stress stimuli [2], [10], =-=[15]-=-. GSR, known also as electrodermal activity, is an indicator of SC [15], [16]. In details, glands in the skin produce ionic sweat, provoking alterations of electric conductivity. First experiment on t...

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...s regarding noninvasivity when being acquired and because their variation is strongly related to stress stimuli [2], [10], [15]. GSR, known also as electrodermal activity, is an indicator of SC [15], =-=[16]-=-. In details, glands in the skin produce ionic sweat, provoking alterations of electric conductivity. First experiment on this nature dates back to 1907, when Jung first described some relations betwe...

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...oreover, stress mechanism extracts some information from the stimuli so that if such stressing agent appears again, the human body is able to react faster and better compared with the first time [1], =-=[29]-=-. This characteristic makes useless the repetition of the same tasks after a certain period of time and furthermore makes unnecessary a third session with different tasks, since the response will not ...

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...ng these situations. Among the wide number of methods to extract HR, the most common methods consider to measure the frequency of the well-known QRS complex in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal [19], =-=[20]-=-. In contrast to ECG biometric properties [21], HR is not distinctive enough to identify an individual. Nevertheless, HR signal behaves in a different manner depending on the stimulus and the individu...

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...is multimodal approach, there are several articles which study a variety of parameters and signals, as well as the combination of them. Continuing on this research line, the research provided in [8], =-=[9]-=- proposes a system gathering FT, GSR, and blood volume pulse (BVP). The main characteristic of this system lies on the fact that signals are acquired in a nonintrusive manner, and furthermore, these p...

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...biometrics. On the other hand, HR measures the number of heartbeats per unit of time. HR can be obtained at any place on the human body, being an accessible parameter that can be acquired easily [7], =-=[17]-=-. HR describes the heart activity when the autonomic nervous system (ANS) attempts to tackle with the human-body demands depending on the stimuli received [18]. ANS orders to increase the blood volume...

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...od proposed in this paper focuses on stress detection based only on physiological signals. Considering this, there exist many previous works related to this topic. The essay presented by Begum et al. =-=[5]-=- presents a study of stress detection based only on finger temperature (FT), together with fuzzy logic [6] and case-based reasoning [3]. HR variability has been also considered as a stress marker in h...

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...he rules according to the data, providing a more complex system. In detail, the main difference between them relies on the fuzzy decision algorithm: First, manual implementation is based on a Mamdani =-=[31]-=- fuzzy decision algorithm using template T to describe antecedent membership functions and implementing the output with triangular distributions. Second, the automatic implementation involves an adapt...

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...ementation As introduced previously, the manual implementation is designed with a Mamdani fuzzy system since it has been widely used in expert decision systems due to their comprehensible rules [31], =-=[33]-=-. This implementation provides a fuzzy output on the interval [0, 1] based on template T . This fuzzy system is described by Gaussian-based antecedent functions whose parameters coincide with centroid...

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...nd Funk [3] provides a system that is able to compute the stress level of an individual by the manner and rhythm in which a person types characters on a keyboard or keypad. Furthermore, Dinges et al. =-=[4]-=- provide a study of stress detection based on facial recognition. However, the method proposed in this paper focuses on stress detection based only on physiological signals. Considering this, there ex...

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...ngineering), which is able to process and store six channels, including electromyography, ECG, respiration rate, HR, and GSR. Sensors were attached to the hand’s right (or left, but not both) fingers =-=[23]-=-, wrist, and ankle in order to acquire both HR and GSR, avoiding sensor detachments, unplugged connectors to the analog-to-digital converter, and/or software acquisition errors. Moreover, the sample a...

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...nswer since it is difficult, even for expert psychologists, to state whether the response among female and male individuals differs, inasmuch as the previous response varies within female individuals =-=[30]-=-. Several researchers support the idea that male and female individuals suffer different responses when stress agent endures through time, (e.g., a great amount of work at job, a bad economical situat...

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...arkable conclusion for future computer applications and for the sake of a better human–computer interaction (HCI) [11], [12]. The work presented by Sarkar [11] proposes fuzzy logic (as Jiang and Wang =-=[13]-=-) to elucidate up to what extent a user is under stress. Furthermore, it introduces an approach oriented to improve HCI. Moreover, the work presented by Healey and Picard [2] deserves special mention,...

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...rameter that can be acquired easily [7], [17]. HR describes the heart activity when the autonomic nervous system (ANS) attempts to tackle with the human-body demands depending on the stimuli received =-=[18]-=-. ANS orders to increase the blood volume within the veins so that the rest of the body can react properly, if required. Concretely, a stressing stimulus provokes a similar reaction, increasing the nu...

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...ng this multimodal approach, there are several articles which study a variety of parameters and signals, as well as the combination of them. Continuing on this research line, the research provided in =-=[8]-=-, [9] proposes a system gathering FT, GSR, and blood volume pulse (BVP). The main characteristic of this system lies on the fact that signals are acquired in a nonintrusive manner, and furthermore, th...

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...t is possible to deduce the intention of the individual from these results, a very remarkable conclusion for future computer applications and for the sake of a better human–computer interaction (HCI) =-=[11]-=-, [12]. The work presented by Sarkar [11] proposes fuzzy logic (as Jiang and Wang [13]) to elucidate up to what extent a user is under stress. Furthermore, it introduces an approach oriented to improv...

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...n facing these situations. Among the wide number of methods to extract HR, the most common methods consider to measure the frequency of the well-known QRS complex in an electrocardiogram (ECG) signal =-=[19]-=-, [20]. In contrast to ECG biometric properties [21], HR is not distinctive enough to identify an individual. Nevertheless, HR signal behaves in a different manner depending on the stimulus and the in...

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...f hormones. Furthermore, some basic functions will be avoided like hunger, sleepiness, and the like, focusing on the scenario and the malicious agent. In other words, the human body prepares to fight =-=[1]-=-, [2]. This stress response is almost impossible to disguise and, therefore, is an accurate indicator about the security compromise. Manuscript received June 11, 2010; revised September 28, 2010; acce...

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...nclusions and future work (Section VIII) end this paper. II. LITERATURE REVIEW Stress detection has been considered from different points of view and approaches. The work presented by Andren and Funk =-=[3]-=- provides a system that is able to compute the stress level of an individual by the manner and rhythm in which a person types characters on a keyboard or keypad. Furthermore, Dinges et al. [4] provide...

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...describe antecedent membership functions and implementing the output with triangular distributions. Second, the automatic implementation involves an adaptive-networkbased fuzzy inference system [31], =-=[32]-=- fuzzy algorithm carried out to provide a fuzzy decision system adapted to the specific data (i.e., HR and GSR signals in different tasks—BL1, TP, HV, and BL2). A. Manual Implementation As introduced ...

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...Pupil dilation (PD) and eyetracking (ET) provide very precise information about frame stress. When an individual is under stress, PD is wider, and the eye movement is faster. The article presented in =-=[10]-=- not only considers PD and ET but also GSR, BVP, and FT. The main purpose of this approach is to recognize emotions, interest, and attention from emotion recognition. Moreover, it is possible to deduc...

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...imental design in order to obtain a proper arousal in terms of physiological signal [2], [4]. Concretely, this paper proposes to induce stress by using hyperventilation (HV) and talk preparation (TP) =-=[24]-=-. HV is defined as a certain kind of breath, which exceeds standard metabolic demands as a result of excess in respiratory rhythm. As a consequence, several physiological changes emerge, such as arter...

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...ds as a result of excess in respiratory rhythm. As a consequence, several physiological changes emerge, such as arterial-pressure diminution in blood until a certain level, so-called hypocapnea [24], =-=[25]-=-, and blood pH increment, known as alkalosis. However, voluntary HV does not always produce an actual anxiety reaction [24], and therefore, an additional anxiogenic task is required to ensure that a p...