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...ropositions, that cannot any longer become true because their deadline has elapsed, are false. To get this result we need to perform some form of closed world reasoning on class IsT rue. As stated in =-=[14]-=- “the DL ALCK [5] adds a non-monotonic K operator (which is a kind of necessity operator) to the DL ALC to provide the ability to “turn on” the Closed World Assumption (CWA) when needed. The reasoning...

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...extensions are specified in the axiom relative to the previous state. In the table we abbreviate the assertion happensAt(elapse, n) with the expression t = n. time t = 0 t = 1 t = 2 t = 3 tpP ayBook1 =-=[1, 3]-=- IsF alse tpDeliverBook1 [1, 2] IsT rue IsT rue IsT rue tpNotDeliverCD1 [0, 3] IsT rue c1(ann, bob, tpP ayBook1, IsP ending IsP ending IsV iolated tpDeliverBook1) c2(bob, ann, IsP ending IsF ulfilled ...

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...cannot any longer become true because their deadline has elapsed, are false. To get this result we need to perform some form of closed world reasoning on class IsT rue. As stated in [14] “the DL ALCK =-=[5]-=- adds a non-monotonic K operator (which is a kind of necessity operator) to the DL ALC to provide the ability to “turn on” the Closed World Assumption (CWA) when needed. The reasoning support for ALCK...

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...ologies. This is a crucial advantage with respect to other languages used in the multiagent community for the specification of norms and organizations, like as we already mentioned the Event Calculus =-=[15, 1]-=-, or other specific formal languages like the one required by the rule engine Jess [11, 4]. In literature there are few approaches that use semantic web languages for the specification of multiagent s...

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...sive sanctions can be represented as new specific powers that the agent entitled to enforce the norm acquires when a norm is violated. As far as passive sanctions are concerned, another norm (that in =-=[13]-=-) is called enforcement norm) may oblige the enforcer to punish the violation. Due to space limitations, in this paper we do not model the notion of power; thus passive sanctions are not treated in th...

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...t community for the specification of norms and organizations, like as we already mentioned the Event Calculus [15, 1], or other specific formal languages like the one required by the rule engine Jess =-=[11, 4]-=-. In literature there are few approaches that use semantic web languages for the specification of multiagent systems. For example in [12] prohibited, obliged and permitted actions are represented as o...

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...val of time, that is, the possibility to define social commitments with starting points and deadlines, and to monitor and react to their fulfilment or violation. As we discussed in our previous works =-=[9, 10, 8]-=- in our OCeAN meta-model for the specification of artificial institutions, commitments for the interacting agents can be created by the activation of norms associated to the agents’ roles, or by the p...

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...es played by the agents in the system at that moment. Another important aspect of norms is that to enforce their fulfillment in an open system, it must be possible to specify sanctions or rewards. In =-=[7]-=- we suggested that a satisfactory model of sanctions has to distinguish between two different type of actions: the action that the violator of a norm has to perform to extinguish its violation (which ...

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...val of time, that is, the possibility to define social commitments with starting points and deadlines, and to monitor and react to their fulfilment or violation. As we discussed in our previous works =-=[9, 10, 8]-=- in our OCeAN meta-model for the specification of artificial institutions, commitments for the interacting agents can be created by the activation of norms associated to the agents’ roles, or by the p...

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...extensions are specified in the axiom relative to the previous state. In the table we abbreviate the assertion happensAt(elapse, n) with the expression t = n. time t = 0 t = 1 t = 2 t = 3 tpP ayBook1 =-=[1, 3]-=- IsF alse tpDeliverBook1 [1, 2] IsT rue IsT rue IsT rue tpNotDeliverCD1 [0, 3] IsT rue c1(ann, bob, tpP ayBook1, IsP ending IsP ending IsV iolated tpDeliverBook1) c2(bob, ann, IsP ending IsF ulfilled ...

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...mal languages like the one required by the rule engine Jess [11, 4]. In literature there are few approaches that use semantic web languages for the specification of multiagent systems. For example in =-=[12]-=- prohibited, obliged and permitted actions are represented as object properties from agents to actions. But without the reification of the notion of obligation and prohibition that we propose here, it...

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...tics of social commitments using semantic web technologies. Semantic web technologies in multiagent systems can be used also to specify domain specific ontologies used in the content of norms like in =-=[6]-=-. Another interesting contribution is due also to the exemplification of a solution to the problem to performing closed world reasoning on certain classes in OWL. Another work that tackles a similar p...

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...t community for the specification of norms and organizations, like as we already mentioned the Event Calculus [15, 1], or other specific formal languages like the one required by the rule engine Jess =-=[11, 4]-=-. In literature there are few approaches that use semantic web languages for the specification of multiagent systems. For example in [12] prohibited, obliged and permitted actions are represented as o...