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...TAM) and similar models, have established these perceptions as the key determinants of both initial IT usage (acceptance) and long-term usage (continuance) intention and behavior (Bhattacherjee 2001; =-=Davis et al. 1989-=-). Any change in beliefs or attitudes will likely have a corresponding impact on, and may even reverse, users continuance intention and behavior.sSuch reversal in ones IT usage behavior from initial...

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...ehavior (TPB), and related theories, has examined the effects of user beliefs and attitude on IT usage intention and behavior (e.g., Ajzen and Fishbein 1977; Davis et al. 1989; Taylor and Todd 1995b; =-=Venkatesh and Davis 2000-=-).sThis research demonstrates that perceived usefulness (the extent to which users believe that system usage will enhance their job performance) is the primary belief driving IT usage intention, whose...

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...ive this change and why? (3) To what extent are these effects generalizable across technology and IT usage contexts? To address these questions, we draw upon expectation-disconfirmation theory (EDT) (=-=Oliver 1980-=-) and prior TAM research to propose a twostage model of belief and attitude change.sEmpirical data collected using student subjects employing longitudinal studies of computer-based tutorial (CBT) and ...

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...ch, based on technology acceptance model (TAM), theory of planned behavior (TPB), and related theories, has examined the effects of user beliefs and attitude on IT usage intention and behavior (e.g., =-=Ajzen and Fishbein 1977-=-; Davis et al. 1989; Taylor and Todd 1995b; Venkatesh and Davis 2000).sThis research demonstrates that perceived usefulness (the extent to which users believe that system usage will enhance their job ...

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... at time t2 only.sScale items are listed in the appendix.sUsefulness, attitude, and intention were measured using pre-validated scales adapted from prior IT usage literature (e.g., Davis et al. 1989; =-=Karahanna et al. 1999-=-; Taylor and Todd 1995b; Venkatesh and Davis 2000).sUsefulness was measured using a four-item Likert scale that examined subjects perceptions of performance, productivity, effectiveness, and overall ...

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...y acceptance model (TAM) and similar models, have established these perceptions as the key determinants of both initial IT usage (acceptance) and long-term usage (continuance) intention and behavior (=-=Bhattacherjee 2001-=-; Davis et al. 1989). Any change in beliefs or attitudes will likely have a corresponding impact on, and may even reverse, users continuance intention and behavior.sSuch reversal in ones IT usage be...

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...e phase, and wear out with time as users cognitions stabilize and become more realistic based on repeated interactions with the target system (Szajna and Scamell 1993).sAt least one marketing study (=-=Boulding et al. 1993-=-) provides initial empirical evidence supporting this wearing out effect.sHence, the two-stage model of belief and attitude change may be extended into a three-period model (i.e., t1 during the preu...

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...tructural equation modeling approaches such as LISREL, the variance-based PLS approach does not impose sample size restrictions or require multivariate normality distribution for the underlying data (=-=Fornell and Bookstein 1982-=-).sGiven our small sample size of 77 in the RAD study and 54 observations for the disconfirmation construct at time t3 in the CBT study, and the inherent difficulties with establishing multivariate no...

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...M), theory of planned behavior (TPB), and related theories, has examined the effects of user beliefs and attitude on IT usage intention and behavior (e.g., Ajzen and Fishbein 1977; Davis et al. 1989; =-=Taylor and Todd 1995-=-b; Venkatesh and Davis 2000).sThis research demonstrates that perceived usefulness (the extent to which users believe that system usage will enhance their job performance) is the primary belief drivin...

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... social psychology literature, has been used by researchers to understand consumer satisfaction, repurchase intentions, and complaining behaviors in contexts ranging from automobile repurchase (e.g., =-=Oliver 1993-=-), camcorder repurchase (e.g., Spreng et al. 1996), restaurant services (e.g., Swan and Trawick 1981), business professional services (e.g., Patterson et al. 1997), and, most recently, IT usage (e.g.,...

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...ed by researchers to understand consumer satisfaction, repurchase intentions, and complaining behaviors in contexts ranging from automobile repurchase (e.g., Oliver 1993), camcorder repurchase (e.g., =-=Spreng et al. 1996-=-), restaurant services (e.g., Swan and Trawick 1981), business professional services (e.g., Patterson et al. 1997), and, most recently, IT usage (e.g., Bhattacherjee 2001).sCDT was formulated by Festi...

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...n users disconfirmation with an online retailing site and with the quality of information presented on that site. While the above studies established the validity of CDT or EDT in IT usage contexts (=-=McKinney et al. 2002-=-), provided preliminary evidence of temporal changes in user beliefs (Szajna and Scammell 1993), and noted that continuance intention is impacted by emergent constructs such as disconfirmation and sat...

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...l efforts directed at exploiting the full potential of IT as a means of enhancing employee productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness in the workplace. Prior research (e.g., Sjazna and Scamell 1993; =-=Venkatesh and Morris 2000-=-) provides preliminary empirical evidence that user beliefs and attitudes do change over time, although to date no study has examined or validated potential reasons for such change.sOur study builds o...

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... therefore, the two emergent constructs in EDT hypothesized to change subsequent user behavior. The relationship between expectations and disconfirmation (and hence satisfaction) is somewhat complex (=-=Yi 1990-=-).sMost researchers expect these two constructs to be negatively related, since high expectations are more likely to be negatively disconfirmed and low expectations are positively disconfirmed (Yi 199...

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...related, since high expectations are more likely to be negatively disconfirmed and low expectations are positively disconfirmed (Yi 1990).sEmpirically, however, this effect appears to be mixed (e.g., =-=Bearden and Teel 1983-=-; Churchill and Suprenant 1982).sSome contend that this ambiguity is an artifact of multiple operationalizations of the disconfirmation construct, measured alternatively as the difference score betwee...

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...texts ranging from automobile repurchase (e.g., Oliver 1993), camcorder repurchase (e.g., Spreng et al. 1996), restaurant services (e.g., Swan and Trawick 1981), business professional services (e.g., =-=Patterson et al. 1997-=-), and, most recently, IT usage (e.g., Bhattacherjee 2001).sCDT was formulated by Festinger (1957) to explain how discrepancies (dissonance) between ones cognition and reality change the persons sub...

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...ction, repurchase intentions, and complaining behaviors in contexts ranging from automobile repurchase (e.g., Oliver 1993), camcorder repurchase (e.g., Spreng et al. 1996), restaurant services (e.g., =-=Swan and Trawick 1981-=-), business professional services (e.g., Patterson et al. 1997), and, most recently, IT usage (e.g., Bhattacherjee 2001).sCDT was formulated by Festinger (1957) to explain how discrepancies (dissonanc...

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... other constructs.sThis test is supposedly a stronger test of discriminant validity than pairwise comparison of χ2 values of unconstrained and constrained CFA models often reported in the literature (=-=Fornell and Larcker 1981-=-).sFrom the data presented in Table 2, we can see that the highest correlation between any pair of constructs in the three CFA models was 0.82 (between usefulness and intention constructs at time t2 i...

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...ing into subjects satisfaction with CBT. 5Semantic validity is the extent to which judges familar with the language examine texts placed in each category and agree with their derived classification (=-=Weber 1990-=-). Bhattacherjee & Premkumar/Changes in Belief and Attitude Toward IT Usage 248 MIS Quarterly Vol. 28 No. 2/June 2004 Table 5.sContent Analysis of CBT User Responses* Initial Coding Consensus CodingRe...

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...tudy, and the inherent difficulties with establishing multivariate normality with small samples, PLS was deemed more appropriate than LISREL.4sThe analysis was performed using PLS-Graph Version 3.00 (=-=Chin and Frye 1994-=-), using raw data sets as inputs and modeling all scale items as reflective indicators of their corresponding latent constructs.sThree separate CFA models were examined:s(1) t1t2 model for the CBT st...

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...of IT usage as the user moves from the pre-usage to usage phase, and wear out with time as users cognitions stabilize and become more realistic based on repeated interactions with the target system (=-=Szajna and Scamell 1993-=-).sAt least one marketing study (Boulding et al. 1993) provides initial empirical evidence supporting this wearing out effect.sHence, the two-stage model of belief and attitude change may be extende...

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...artial least squares (PLS) approach. CFA is more appropriate than alternative approaches such as exploratory factor analysis in areas with strong a priori theory and pre-validated measurement scales (=-=Bagozzi and Phillips 1982-=-), as in our study.sUnlike covariance-based structural equation modeling approaches such as LISREL, the variance-based PLS approach does not impose sample size restrictions or require multivariate nor...