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...on, distribution of labour and physical appearance will manifest itself in the near and longer-term future. Will the world be an even ‘flatter’, ‘spikier’ or ‘smaller’ place by 2030? (Friedman, 2005; =-=Florida, 2005-=-; Leamer, 2006). And if so, what would this imply for manufacturing activity in Europe? What about future employment? Can Europe’s future prosperity be ensured without a thriving manufacturing sector?...

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...cation, production, distribution of labour and physical appearance will manifest itself in the near and longer-term future. Will the world be an even ‘flatter’, ‘spikier’ or ‘smaller’ place by 2030? (=-=Friedman, 2005-=-; Florida, 2005; Leamer, 2006). And if so, what would this imply for manufacturing activity in Europe? What about future employment? Can Europe’s future prosperity be ensured without a thriving manufa...

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...global warming and climate change debate (Stern, 2006; IPCC, 2007 and 2007A; Al Gore’s film An Inconvenient Truth), but also discussion on and increasing concern about the effects of offshoring (e.g. =-=Blinder, 2006-=-) could quickly change the position and views in the US though. Manufuture is described as a powerful vision linking human and societal needs (demand) to both industrial and education systems (supply)...

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... dimension to globalisation. Improving competitiveness and revitalising manufacturing production already feature prominently on the policy agendas of the US, Europe and Japan (ManVis, 2005C; see also =-=UNCTAD, 2005-=-). For developing economies, in particular the new emerging economies, the high growth era not only increases expectations about future income and wealth, it also raises questions as to its sustainabi...

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...nd the increased use of sourcing by manufacturing and services firms can also have important effects on productivity. However, the direction and extent of these effects has not been studied in depth (=-=Olsen, 2006-=-) and the empirical evidence remains far from conclusive. If any, the effect on productivity of outsourcing seems to be conditional on the industrial sector (Olsen, 2006). 87 9th Annual Global CEO Sur...

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...rks. A crucial enabling factor behind both developments is the increased ability of firms to fragment or divide production processes into increasingly smaller components, which can in turn be traded (=-=Krugman, 1995-=-; OECD, 2005A; Evans et al., 2006). Thus recent technological developments, which have resulted in important decreases in communication, computing and transport costs and an increased ability to monit...

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... most developed countries the potential loss of jobs associated with relocation of manufacturing and other production has become a major topic of both popular and academic debate (e.g. Blinder, 2005; =-=Kirkegaard, 2005-=-; OECD, 2005 and 2006). Calculations show that the number of jobs potentially affected by offshoring is substantial. According to recent OECD (2006) estimates, 18% of total employment in the US and 19...

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...untries the potential loss of jobs associated with relocation of manufacturing and other production has become a major topic of both popular and academic debate (e.g. Blinder, 2005; Kirkegaard, 2005; =-=OECD, 2005-=- and 2006). Calculations show that the number of jobs potentially affected by offshoring is substantial. According to recent OECD (2006) estimates, 18% of total employment in the US and 19% in the EU-...

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...ly the WTO, neither. In China and India, and indeed throughout Asia, a strong preference for technological independence and an increasing ability to set technical rules and standards can be observed (=-=Suttmeier, 2005-=-; Schmitz, 2006; Kang and Segal, 2006). 88 Manufacturing and services have become increasingly intertwined, and it is increasingly difficult to categorize firms as strictly manufacturers or service pr...

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...d India, and indeed throughout Asia, a strong preference for technological independence and an increasing ability to set technical rules and standards can be observed (Suttmeier, 2005; Schmitz, 2006; =-=Kang and Segal, 2006-=-). 88 Manufacturing and services have become increasingly intertwined, and it is increasingly difficult to categorize firms as strictly manufacturers or service providers, especially where digital goo...

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...er. In China and India, and indeed throughout Asia, a strong preference for technological independence and an increasing ability to set technical rules and standards can be observed (Suttmeier, 2005; =-=Schmitz, 2006-=-; Kang and Segal, 2006). 88 Manufacturing and services have become increasingly intertwined, and it is increasingly difficult to categorize firms as strictly manufacturers or service providers, especi...

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...ike China, which currently are a magnet for manufacturing production, key in closing the technological gap to industrialised economies in the future will be the development of efficient institutions (=-=CEPII-CIREM, 2004-=-). EN 162 ENs5.3.3. Future key technologies Future key technologies are expected to enable new products and processes and create new market opportunities (ManVis, 2005A; Manufuture, 2006). However, ma...

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...esult of demographic change (ageing), but also as a result of underinvestment in education and training. These are not particular European problems, but also apply to the US and Japan (FutMan, 2003D, =-=IIPS, 2005-=-, ManVis, 2005, ManuFuture, 2006, US DoC, 2004). The aforementioned studies specifically call for educating more graduates in areas relevant to manufacturing as well as attracting graduates to enter t...

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...ely as in Europe. The Monodzukuri paradigm also seems similar to the Manufuture paradigm in that the transformation is described as involving a move from ‘manufacturing objects’ to ‘producing value’ (=-=JMA, 2003-=-) but puts more emphasis on environmental constraints. It is not clear though how ‘monodzukuri’ is put into practice and how it is expected to affect Japanese manufacturing competitiveness in the futu...

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... unprecedented levels while costs have decreased significantly (ditto). One major argument for the relocation of production to other parts of the world, mostly emerging economies, is low labour cost (=-=KPMG, 2004-=-) or – more general - lower production costs. Key are total landed (i.e. integral) costs, including energy, transport and other costs. With important changes in relative prices, and with falling level...

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...convergence of nano-tech, bio-tech, cognitive and neuroscience with ICTs is expected to cause similar disruptive changes, although no one exactly knows how and what these might look like (RAND, 2001; =-=SRI, 2004-=-B). Technological progress is dealt with in different ways in the surveyed futures studies. Some studies attempt to outline the expected major technological developments over the coming decades (e.g. ...