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...ts from post-mortem histological analysis of human amnesic patients who exhibit debilitating memory dysfunction after lesions selective to the hippocampus (Rempel374 REBER ET AL. Clower et al., 1996; =-=Zola-Morgan et al., 1986-=-). In addition, theories of functional specialization for memory within the MTL need also to consider whether deficits in perception or performance are masking memory deficits; for example, if the per...

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...or which increased activity is correlated with successful encoding (Buckner et al., 1998a,b; Brewer et al., 1998; Wagner et al., 1998b; Kirchhoff et al., 2000) and material specific laterality (e.g., =-=Kelley et al., 1998-=-; Wagner et al., 1998a). Because neuroimaging is a correlational technique, these patterns of increased activity during encoding are best understood within the context of neuropsychological reports th...

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...l neuroimaging techniques has provided a great deal of insight into the neural circuitry that supports memory function in the brain (see reviews by Cabeza and Nyberg, 2000; Schacter and Wagner, 1999; =-=Lepage et al., 1998-=-). Recent studies using fairly high-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have indicated areas in the medial temporal and frontal lobes for which increased activity is correlated wit...

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...pared with picture encoding, similar to our results. Other reports have found greater regions of increased activity during word encoding in the MTL (e.g., Wagner et al., 1998b; Kopelman et al., 1998; =-=Dolan and Fletcher, 1997-=-; Martin FIGURE 5. Activity in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) during picture encoding by region of interest (ROI). The change in activity in each area is assessed separated for each participant and me...

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...n at which it is possible to detect changes in brain activity. This improvement in imaging technique has been paralleled by increasing precision in lesion studies for both experimental animals (e.g., =-=Murray and Mishkin, 1998-=-; Zola et al., 2000) and postmortem analysis of human amnesia (Rempel-Clower et al., 1996). However, convergence between these two areas has just begun to suggest hypotheses about functional specializ...

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... in activity being observed in the left hemisphere. The finding of greater left-sided activity in the MTL during word encoding has been frequently reported (Kelley et al., 1998; Wagner et al., 1998a; =-=Martin et al., 1997-=-; Dolan and Fletcher, 1997). Comparison of the anterior and posterior hippocampus for both the picture-encoding and word-encoding conditions indicates that increased activity during encoding was not d...

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...participants. The mean sizes of each region are listed in Table 3. Note that the volumes of the cortical areas are not necessarily comparable to those reported elsewhere (e.g., Insausti et al., 1998; =-=Juottonen et al., 1999-=-) because the brain volumes are normalized to the Talairach and Tournoux atlas (1988) before identification of the anatomical ROI and also because adjacent white matter is included in the ROI in antic...

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...area does not permit the conclusion that this area is necessary, the ability to extract activity patterns that correlate with successful memory performance (Wagner et al., 1998b; Brewer et al., 1998; =-=Fernandez et al., 1999-=-) can provide a strong association between evoked activity and the anatomical basis of memory. The anatomical ROI technique described here should greatly facilitate addressing further detailed neuroan...