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...secret image to be transmitted is embedded into cover image to generate asstego image. The payload may be of any format and of size less than or equal to cover image.s3.2.3 Lifted Wavelet Transform 2 =-=[24]-=-: The main feature of the lifting scheme is that allsconstructions are derived in the spatial domain. It does not require complex mathematicalscalculations that are required in traditional methods. Li...

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... (HL) and Diagonalsband (HH). The LL band has significant information hence coefficients of LL band is embeddedsinto high frequency sub bands of cover image.s3.2.4 Dual Tree Complex Wavelet Transform =-=[25]-=-: A recent enhancement to DWT with additional,sdirectionality properties. It is an effective approach for implementing an analytic waveletstransform. This is nearly shift invariant and directionally s...

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... cover image. The hop embedded scheme issused which resulted in high quality of stego image and extracted secret image. This methodsexhibits high payload embedding. Vojtech holub and Jessica fridrich =-=[4]-=- developed an adaptivessteganographic distortion function a bank of directional high pass filters is employed to obtain thesdirectional residuals. The impact of embedding on the every directional resi...

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...embeddedsin the cover image by subtracting one or adding one to the non zero DCT coefficient and hencescannot be detected by both Chi square and Extended Chi square attacks. Manjunatha Reddy andsRaja =-=[12]-=- have proposed high capacity and security steganography using DWT technique. Theswavelet coefficients of both the cover and payload are fused into single image using embeddingsstrength alpha and beta....

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...ective of the attacker is is to disrupt the communication of hidden information then activesapproach will be the preferred method compared to time consuming passive steganalysissmethods. Yang et al., =-=[10]-=- proposed an improved method of image sharing with steganographysfor providing authentication to prevent cheating. Manipulation of the stego images are preventedsby using Hash function with secret key...

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...dded into the cover media based on pixel pairsmatching technique. The cover pixel pairs are changed randomly by using keys to increase thessecurity level of the system. Ran-zan wang and Yeh-shun chen =-=[3]-=- presented a steganographystechnique based on two way block matching procedure. The block matching procedure search forsthe highest similarity block from a series of blocks generated from the cover im...

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...ocks,sblock ID and image ID. The quality of both stego image and secret image are improved by a newsarrangement of seventeen bits in the four pixel square block. Chiang- Lung Liu and Shiang-RongsLiao =-=[11]-=- have developed a high performance steganographic scheme for JPEG usingscomplementary embedding strategy to avoid detections of several statistical attacks in spatialsdomain. Here instead of flipping ...

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...igh frequency sub bands are scaled so thatsall of them looksalmost similar thereby avoiding suspicion. The scaling also improves the securitysof the payload in the stego image.s3.2.7 Entropy: Entropy =-=[26]-=- is a statistical measure of randomness that can be used toscharacterize the texture of the image.sAn image X of size M*N can be considered as a systemswith ‘L’ pixel intensity scales. For example, a ...

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...existing techniques presented by Hoda Motamedi and AyyoobsN Sathisha, K Suresh Babu, K B Raja & K R VenugopalsInternational Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (9) : Issue (2) : 2015 57sJafari =-=[27]-=-, Tasnuva Mahajabin et. al., [28] and Ashish Soni et.al.,[29]. It is observed that thesPSNR values and percentage hiding capacity values are higher in the case of proposed algorithmscompare to existin...

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...y scaling factors based on the entropy of cover image to generate finalsstego object. The stego image is obtained by using IDTCWT on final stego object.s2. RELATED WORKsRigdas and Themrichon Tuithung =-=[1]-=- proposed a Huffman encoding steganography. The Huffmansencoding is applied on secret image and each bit of Huffman code of secret image is embeddedsinto the cover image altering the LSB of each cover...

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...DTCWT and the watermark is embedded into the high energy pixels. The two schemes embedsthe watermark into the high frequency and low frequency DTCWT coefficients by quantizing.sAjit danti and Manjula =-=[6]-=- proposed an image steganography using DWT and hybrid waveletstransform. The cover and secret images are normalized and the wavelet coefficients are obtainedsN Sathisha, K Suresh Babu, K B Raja & K R ...

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...maintaining components of cell II in spatial domain itself. Next, the MSB pixels of payload cell Isand cell II are embedded into corresponding cell I and cell II of cover image. Youngran Park et al.,s=-=[14]-=- proposed a method for integrity verification of secret information in image steganography.sThe secret information is hidden into spatial domain of digital image and the embedded secretsinformation is...

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...ganography. The Huffmansencoding is applied on secret image and each bit of Huffman code of secret image is embeddedsinto the cover image altering the LSB of each cover image pixel. Najeena and Imran =-=[2]-=- presentedsa steganographic and cryptographic technique based on chaotic encryption with adaptive pixelspair matching. The scrambled data is embedded into the cover media based on pixel pairsmatching ...

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...oyed to obtain thesdirectional residuals. The impact of embedding on the every directional residual is measured. Thesembedding is done on smooth areas along edges and noisy areas. Baolong Guo et al., =-=[5]-=-sproposed robust image watermarking schemes based on the mean quantization using DTCWT.sThe energy map of the original image is first composed from the six high frequency sub bands ofsDTCWT and the wa...

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...ournal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (9) : Issue (2) : 2015 43sby applying DWT. The wavelet coefficients of both the cover and secret images are fused intossingle image. Jani Anbarasi and kannan =-=[7]-=- have developed a secure steganographic system forssecret color image sharing with reversible characteristics. The secret color image pixels arestransformed into M-ary notational system. Reversible po...

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...cting secret image and cover image. Secret is obtained by Lagrange’s formulasgenerated from sufficient secret shares. Quantization process is applied to improve quality ofscover image. Sathya et al., =-=[8]-=- discussed the various techniques for data hiding in audio signal,svideo signal, text and JPEG images. The pros and cons of the available techniques are analysedsand proposes a technique based on T-co...

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...essed stego image. After this SB technique is used for embeddingsprocess. T-codes are considered because of its self synchronizing property which increasessrobustness of the technique. Zawawi et al., =-=[9]-=- discusses the operation of active warden and howsit is the main hindrance for steganography information retrieval. Active wardens are attackers ofssteganography which aims to destroy the possible hid...

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... fused into single image using embeddingsstrength alpha and beta. The cover and payload are preprocessed to reduce pixel range ensuringsaccurate recovery of payload at destination.sShivaKumar et al., =-=[13]-=- have developed hybrid domain in LSB steganography technique which issan integration of both spatial and transform domain techniques. The cover image and payload issdivided into two cells and cell I i...

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...ithering to the division of ranges ofsPVDs. The Histogram based steganalysis is defeated while preserving embedding capacity andshigh invisibility of original PVD. Chin-Chan Chang and Hsian-Wen Tseng =-=[16]-=- have proposed assteganographic method which provides larger embedding capacity and minimizes the distortion ofsstego image. The method exploits the correlation between neighboring pixels to estimate ...

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...contrast of pixels and the pixel in the edge area has more data thansthose in the non edge areas. Two sided, three sided and four sided match methods are used forsembedding. Manjunatha Reddy and Raja =-=[17]-=- proposed a wavelet based non LSB steganographystechnique in which the cover image is segmented into 4*4 cells and DWT/IWT is applied to eachscell. The 2*2 cell of HH band of DWT/IWT are considered an...

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...Processing (IJIP), Volume (9) : Issue (2) : 2015 44sthe destination. The algorithm cannot be detected by steganalysis techniques such as Chi-ssquare and pair of values techniques.sShiva Kumar et al., =-=[18]-=- proposed a bit length replacement steganography based on DCTscoefficients where the cover image is segmented into smaller matrix of size 8*8 blocks andsconverted into DCT domain by applying 2D-DCT to...

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...each block. The MSB bits of payload aresembedded into each DCT coefficients of cover image based on the coherent length ’L’ which issdetermined by the DCT coefficient values. K.B. Shiva Kumar et al., =-=[19]-=- proposed assteganographic technique based on payload transformation which is a non LSB and nonstransform domain technique. The cover image is segmented into 2*2 matrices then the matrix forspayload e...

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...ad and cube root is applied on thesesscrambled values to scale down the number of coefficient bits. The payload is embedded into XDsband of cover image to obtain stego image. Arnab Kumar Maji et al., =-=[21]-=- proposed assteganographic scheme using Sudoku puzzle.sAn 18 x 18 Sudoku reference matrix is used forsmessage embedding and 8 x 8 Sudoku is embedded into the cover image to detect whetherscover image ...

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... inside the cover image usings18 x 18 Sudoku reference matrix. In the proposed work an 18 x 18 Sudoku reference matrix issused instead of 256 x 256 or 27 x 27 reference matrix. Rashedul islam et al., =-=[22]-=- proposed assteganography technique to hide large data in bit map image using filtering based algorithm. Thessecret message is converted into cipher text using AES cryptography and the cipher text iss...

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...to cipher text using AES cryptography and the cipher text issembedded into the cover image. The method uses the concept of status checking for insertionsand retrieval of message. Chi Yuan Lin et al., =-=[23]-=- presented a steganographic system for VectorsQuantization (VQ) code books using section based informed embedding. The Fuzzy CompetitivesLearning Network (FCLN) clustering technology generate optimal ...

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...Hoda Motamedi and AyyoobsN Sathisha, K Suresh Babu, K B Raja & K R VenugopalsInternational Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (9) : Issue (2) : 2015 57sJafari [27], Tasnuva Mahajabin et. al., =-=[28]-=- and Ashish Soni et.al.,[29]. It is observed that thesPSNR values and percentage hiding capacity values are higher in the case of proposed algorithmscompare to existing algorithms for the following re...

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...athisha, K Suresh Babu, K B Raja & K R VenugopalsInternational Journal of Image Processing (IJIP), Volume (9) : Issue (2) : 2015 57sJafari [27], Tasnuva Mahajabin et. al., [28] and Ashish Soni et.al.,=-=[29]-=-. It is observed that thesPSNR values and percentage hiding capacity values are higher in the case of proposed algorithmscompare to existing algorithms for the following reasons.s(i)The percentage hid...