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...eated as an independent case. The search session was recorded by Camtasia v5.0 as screen capture. The screen capture was analyzed to collect the queries. An average number of query iterations among 87 sessions was 11.24 with a maximum 39 and SD=8.73. An average term per query was 3.25 (SD=1.69). Three hundred sixtyfive queries (37.32%) out of the total queries were issued in general search engines whereas about fifty percent (483 queries) were in image search engines and the rest were in a local site. Analysis of Query Modifications and Attributes Types of query modification were adapted from Lau and Horvitz (1999) – New, Continuation, Generalization, Specialization, Reformulation, and Request. The analysis of query modification was conducted by two coders independently categorizing each query refinement into one of 6 types. For inter-coder reliability, Cohen’s kappa test was performed, and a test result shows that the agreement between two coders was outstanding at K=0.83. The attributes of terms in image queries were analyzed with categories adopted from the study of Hollink, et al. (2004). Table 1 shows the categories and associated attributes of those. Category Attribute Non-visual Title/phrase; Cre...

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...ere in a local site. Analysis of Query Modifications and Attributes Types of query modification were adapted from Lau and Horvitz (1999) – New, Continuation, Generalization, Specialization, Reformulation, and Request. The analysis of query modification was conducted by two coders independently categorizing each query refinement into one of 6 types. For inter-coder reliability, Cohen’s kappa test was performed, and a test result shows that the agreement between two coders was outstanding at K=0.83. The attributes of terms in image queries were analyzed with categories adopted from the study of Hollink, et al. (2004). Table 1 shows the categories and associated attributes of those. Category Attribute Non-visual Title/phrase; Creator/author; Date; Collection; Others Perceptual Color; Shape; Format/genre; Texture Conceptual Object, Person, Organization/brand name; Concept/theme; Event/activities/action; Place; Time period Table 1. Classification of attributes in image descriptions RESUTLS Query Modification Patterns The most frequently used modification type is Reformulation (31.08%) followed by New (24.03%), Specialization (21.78%), Generalization (8.90%), Continuation (8.08%), and Request (6.13%) (Figure ...

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...ntly used in reformulations and specializations. The findings suggest that system features for flexible query formulation and navigation would support users’ image search process. Keywords Image queries modification, concept analysis of queries INTRODUCTION Ample studies demonstrate that query formulation is an essential activity and users change their queries frequently during a Web information search (Jansen, Booth, & Spink, 2009). This is apparent in text-based image search on the Web. Query modification is an important aspect in image searching on the Web as well (Goodrum and Spink, 2001; Jorgensen and Jorgensen, 2005). Research indicates that while searching images on the Web, users formulate an initial query as well as many consecutive queries on different content collections on the Web – e.g., general textual Web content search sites, images search sites, or a local content (Choi, 2010; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Spink, Jansen, & Narayan, 2007; Tjondronegoro, Spink & Jansen, 2009). While previous studies have demonstrated that frequent query modification and browsing are critical in image search, little is known whether query modifications are related to content collections such as general textual ...

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...e were found to be frequently used in reformulations and specializations. The findings suggest that system features for flexible query formulation and navigation would support users’ image search process. Keywords Image queries modification, concept analysis of queries INTRODUCTION Ample studies demonstrate that query formulation is an essential activity and users change their queries frequently during a Web information search (Jansen, Booth, & Spink, 2009). This is apparent in text-based image search on the Web. Query modification is an important aspect in image searching on the Web as well (Goodrum and Spink, 2001; Jorgensen and Jorgensen, 2005). Research indicates that while searching images on the Web, users formulate an initial query as well as many consecutive queries on different content collections on the Web – e.g., general textual Web content search sites, images search sites, or a local content (Choi, 2010; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Spink, Jansen, & Narayan, 2007; Tjondronegoro, Spink & Jansen, 2009). While previous studies have demonstrated that frequent query modification and browsing are critical in image search, little is known whether query modifications are related to content coll...

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...n their query as a result of browsing search results and shaping their image needs accordingly. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine whether there is any relationship between query modification patterns and content collections of the Web where a query was issued, and to investigate what attributes of image search need users incorporate in formulating a query during query modification process. RELATED STUDIES Previous studies reported image searches queries and search strategies on the Web by analyzing search logs from general or commercial search engines (Goodrum & Spink, 2001; Jansen, 2008; Jansen, Spink, & Pedersen, 2005; Jorgensen & Jorgensen, 2005; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Pu, 2005; Tjondronegoro, Spink, & Jansen, 2009). Their findings suggest that Web users type in short queries not only when searching for textual information, but also when searching for visual information. Query modification is important in image searching (Goodrum & Spink 2001; Jorgensen & Jorgensen 2005). Pu (2005) and Jansen (2008) found that users’ image queries tended to focus on people and people-related queries. A few studies also analyzed multimedia searching characteristics on the Web amon...

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...f this study, therefore, is to examine whether there is any relationship between query modification patterns and content collections of the Web where a query was issued, and to investigate what attributes of image search need users incorporate in formulating a query during query modification process. RELATED STUDIES Previous studies reported image searches queries and search strategies on the Web by analyzing search logs from general or commercial search engines (Goodrum & Spink, 2001; Jansen, 2008; Jansen, Spink, & Pedersen, 2005; Jorgensen & Jorgensen, 2005; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Pu, 2005; Tjondronegoro, Spink, & Jansen, 2009). Their findings suggest that Web users type in short queries not only when searching for textual information, but also when searching for visual information. Query modification is important in image searching (Goodrum & Spink 2001; Jorgensen & Jorgensen 2005). Pu (2005) and Jansen (2008) found that users’ image queries tended to focus on people and people-related queries. A few studies also analyzed multimedia searching characteristics on the Web among different content collections on search engines (Jansen et al., 2005; Spink & Jansen, 2006; Ozmutlu, Sp...

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... Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Pu, 2005; Tjondronegoro, Spink, & Jansen, 2009). Their findings suggest that Web users type in short queries not only when searching for textual information, but also when searching for visual information. Query modification is important in image searching (Goodrum & Spink 2001; Jorgensen & Jorgensen 2005). Pu (2005) and Jansen (2008) found that users’ image queries tended to focus on people and people-related queries. A few studies also analyzed multimedia searching characteristics on the Web among different content collections on search engines (Jansen et al., 2005; Spink & Jansen, 2006; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Tjondronegoro, Spink & Jansen, 2009). The findings show that image search is the most popular. Both the mean terms per query and the session lengths for image searching are larger than the other categories of multimedia searching. Westman, Lustila, and Oittinen (2008) found that 84.5% of all first queries were modified; purely content-based searches accounted only for 5% of queries; text queries included an average of 1.30 terms. Choi and Hsieh-Yee (2010) confirmed similar characteristics of image query formulation and modification strategies. Their study sho...

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...arching characteristics on the Web among different content collections on search engines (Jansen et al., 2005; Spink & Jansen, 2006; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Tjondronegoro, Spink & Jansen, 2009). The findings show that image search is the most popular. Both the mean terms per query and the session lengths for image searching are larger than the other categories of multimedia searching. Westman, Lustila, and Oittinen (2008) found that 84.5% of all first queries were modified; purely content-based searches accounted only for 5% of queries; text queries included an average of 1.30 terms. Choi and Hsieh-Yee (2010) confirmed similar characteristics of image query formulation and modification strategies. Their study shows the most frequent strategy in modifying a query was replacing one term with another. While general characteristics of how users formulate image queries and patterns of reformulation on the Web were reported in studies, unknown is any relationship between query modifications and content collections when users ASIST 2011, October 9-13, 2011, New Orleans, LA, USA. Copyright retained by the author. 2 explore different content collections on the Web and accordingly modify search queries. An ...

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...the study show that query modification patterns were significantly associated with content collections. Terms related to format or specific objects to represent an image were found to be frequently used in reformulations and specializations. The findings suggest that system features for flexible query formulation and navigation would support users’ image search process. Keywords Image queries modification, concept analysis of queries INTRODUCTION Ample studies demonstrate that query formulation is an essential activity and users change their queries frequently during a Web information search (Jansen, Booth, & Spink, 2009). This is apparent in text-based image search on the Web. Query modification is an important aspect in image searching on the Web as well (Goodrum and Spink, 2001; Jorgensen and Jorgensen, 2005). Research indicates that while searching images on the Web, users formulate an initial query as well as many consecutive queries on different content collections on the Web – e.g., general textual Web content search sites, images search sites, or a local content (Choi, 2010; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Spink, Jansen, & Narayan, 2007; Tjondronegoro, Spink & Jansen, 2009). While previous studies ha...

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...as a result of browsing search results and shaping their image needs accordingly. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to examine whether there is any relationship between query modification patterns and content collections of the Web where a query was issued, and to investigate what attributes of image search need users incorporate in formulating a query during query modification process. RELATED STUDIES Previous studies reported image searches queries and search strategies on the Web by analyzing search logs from general or commercial search engines (Goodrum & Spink, 2001; Jansen, 2008; Jansen, Spink, & Pedersen, 2005; Jorgensen & Jorgensen, 2005; Ozmutlu, Spink, & Ozmutlu, 2003; Pu, 2005; Tjondronegoro, Spink, & Jansen, 2009). Their findings suggest that Web users type in short queries not only when searching for textual information, but also when searching for visual information. Query modification is important in image searching (Goodrum & Spink 2001; Jorgensen & Jorgensen 2005). Pu (2005) and Jansen (2008) found that users’ image queries tended to focus on people and people-related queries. A few studies also analyzed multimedia searching characteristics on the Web among different content collections o...