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...report the corresponding partial � 2 values as a measure of effect size. Partial � 2 values of �.01 indicate small effects, values �.06 indicate medium effects, and values �14 indicate large effects (=-=Cohen, 1969-=-). Where t tests were used, we report the corresponding Cohen’s d value as a measure of effect size. Cohen’s d values of �.0.20 indicate small effects, values of �0.50 indicate medium effects, and val...

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...e autonoetic (selfknowing) consciousness. Buckner and Carroll have further suggested that self-projection also underpins the ability to attribute mental states to others (an aspect of theory of mind; =-=Premack & Woodruff, 1978-=-) and spatial navigation. They argue that episodic memory/episodic future thinking, theory of mind, and navigation are all forms of cognition that “rely on autobiographical information and are constru...

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...hought to be essential for flexibility of thought and action because it enables one to simulate and predict future scenarios, thereby allowing one to plan and select the optimal course of action (see =-=Suddendorf & Corballis, 2007-=-). It follows that difficulty in acting with the future in mind may result in overdependence on routinized, inflexible patterns of behavior. Thus, impairments in prospection may potentially help to ex...

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... as a result of attenuated narrative ability (see Addis & Schacter, 2012; Gaesser, Sacchetti, Addis, & Schacter, 2011; Race, Keane, & Verfaellie, 2011). Finally, we also employed the animations task (=-=Abell, Happé, & Frith, 2000-=-) as a measure of theory of mind ability. As discussed above, Buckner and Carroll (2007) argue that self-projection is critical for theory of mind in that (according to their view), comprehending anot...

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..., Wong, & Schacter, 2008). Furthermore, individuals with acquired amnesia, who are unable to remember past personal experiences, show a corresponding deficit in imagining future personal experiences (=-=Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, 2002-=-; Tulving, 1985). The same is true of individuals with psychiatric disorders, such as depression (Williams et al., 1996) or schizophrenia (D’Argembeau, Raffard, & Van der Linden, 2008), who show atten...

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...rrs.” Global structure (from 0 to 6). The global structure measure was included as an index of the participant’s understanding of the causal structure of the story (following the procedure adopted by =-=Reilly, Bates, & Marchman, 1998-=-; see also Norbury & Bishop, 2003). Two points were given for the initiating event if the participant included in their narrative details of the frog escaping (1 point) and the boy looking for the fro...

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...o Sophie E. Lind, Department of Psychology, City University London, Whiskin Street, London EC1R 0JD, United Kingdom. E-mail: Sophie.lind.2@city.ac.uk56 LIND, WILLIAMS, BOWLER, AND PEEL older adults (=-=Addis, Wong, & Schacter, 2008-=-). Furthermore, individuals with acquired amnesia, who are unable to remember past personal experiences, show a corresponding deficit in imagining future personal experiences (Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstr...

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...ayer, 1969) was used to elicit narratives. This is a 24-page picture book that has been used in several studies of narrative ability among individuals with developmental disorders, including ASD (see =-=Norbury & Bishop, 2003-=-). The book is based around the adventures of a boy and his pet dog when they go looking for his pet frog after the frog escapes during the night. The participant was shown the front cover of the book...

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...nization, 1993). At the cognitive level of description, ASD is characterized by a selective diminution of episodic memory, leaving semantic memory undiminished (e.g., Bowler, Gardiner, & Gaigg, 2007; =-=Bowler, Gardiner, & Grice, 2000-=-), as well as by impairments in theory of mind (e.g., Happé, 1995). If it is the case that episodic memory and episodic future thinking rely on the same underlying processes, as the theories outlined ...

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...dence for this hypothesis is scarce, several studies have explored the relationship between episodic memory and theory of mind, and have observed a positive association between these abilities (e.g., =-=Naito, 2003-=-; Perner & Ruffman, 1995). A second prominent theory, put forward by Hassabis and colleagues (e.g., Hassabis, Kumaran, & Maguire, 2007; Hassabis, Kumaran, Vann, & Maguire, 2007; Hassabis & Maguire, 20...

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...m that employed by Lind and Bowler (2010). This method involved a sentence completion task designed to elicit past and future event descriptions (cf. Raes, Hermans, Williams, & Eelens, 2007; see also =-=Anderson & Dewhurst, 2009-=-). Adults with and without ASD were presented with a series of stems such as “I still remember well how ...”and“Next year I...”andwere asked to complete the sentences. In contrast to Lind and Bowler’s...

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...SD could be with self-projection/self-related processing, rather than with scene construction. This idea is consistent with the notion that ASD involves diminished awareness of aspects of self (e.g., =-=Williams, 2010-=-), as well as with theories that explicitly implicate diminished self-awareness as a contributory cause of the specific profile of memory that characterizes ASD (e.g., Lind, 2010). To explore these is...

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...Episodic Future Thinking According to one prominent theory, episodic memory and episodic future thinking are linked because both involve elements of self-awareness. In particular, Buckner and Carroll =-=(2007)-=- have argued that both require the capacity for “selfprojection,” which they define as the ability to shift from one’s current perspective to alternative perspectives (temporal, spatial, or mental). T...