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...r why these judgments persist or even get worse whereas mostsof Africa embarked in the early 1990s on the liberalization of its political and economicsinstitutions. The Third Wave of democratization (=-=Huntington, 1991-=-) did sweep over subSaharan Africa due to both internal rising pressures and to the fall of the Berlin Wall orseven, maybe more strikingly for Africans and their masters, the end of the Ceaucescus,sth...

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...sAfrica, no anti- retroviral treatments would ever have been developed. WHO estimatess33sthat only 10% of the health research worldwide goes for diseases that afflict 90% of thesworld’s people (World =-=Bank, 2001-=-).sThis geographically induced handicap could also be mitigated by ansinternational effort in publicly financed research or by guaranteeing future markets byspledges of the international community to ...

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...e Britishsprotectorate although what the Lozis got first was only a treaty with the Royal Chartered British SouthsAfrica Company of Cecil Rhodes.s2 This statistic stands for the continent as a whole (=-=Maddison, 2001-=-). For this period no reliablesestimate is available for sub-Saharan Africa.s2sthe world’s armed conflicts with about one-third of its states are involved in them. 3sTogether, these conflicts where et...

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...t numerous political economy models draw the same conclusions too:sAlesina, Baqir and Easterly (1999) (for US cities but transposable) among others, and thes‘common pool’ or ‘tragedy of the commons’ (=-=Hardin, 1968-=-) literature.s52 Technically it means that risk of civil war is regressed with a quadratic function of ethnicsdiversity.s53 Cf. Gurr (1993) and the ‘MAR project’ (http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/inscr/mar/ho...

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...private interests in farming or not. The striking commonsfeatures of African agricultural policies and their devastating impact have been muchsdocumented (Berg Report of the World Bank) and analyzed (=-=Bates, 1981-=-, 1983b). Heavysdiscrimination and taxation was exercised by biased state intervention against farmerssand the whole farming sector, and could affect in extreme cases every possible market:sexport cro...

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...s40 Even in a few cases up to the level of small shops; saving one’s life could be the best hope as ins1975 in Uganda for the Indian minority.s41sMore generally, as often documented (ibidem and World =-=Bank, 1981-=-), thesurban bias, induced by the heavy taxation of agriculture and the overvaluation of thescurrency favoring imports and limiting food prices, reflected the concern arising from thesproximity of vol...

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...bal availability of infrastructure may be declining even in the absencesof war is illustrated by the implosion of Malagasy’s national road network from 55,000skms in 1960 to 33,000 kms in 2000 (World =-=Bank, 2002-=-).sThis dismal portrait of the ‘central tendency’ of Africa would not be completeswithout mentioning the economic instability and conflicts that plague the continent. Atstimes, some countries such as ...

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...in the mid 1970s (Table 2). Africa did not grow faster than any othersregion but its record during 1960-1973 is ‘indistinguishable from the geographically verysdifferent circumstances of South Asia’ (=-=Collier and Gunning, 1999-=-b), the next mostscapital-scarce region, be it the overall rate of productivity growth (1.8% for South Asiasand 1.9% for Africa) or the decomposition between factors and TFP.sTable 2: Sources of growt...

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...Soto (1989)swould be surprised by the cumbersome regulations. But the informal sector also provessthe adaptiveness of African society. It provides around 78% of non-agriculturalsemployment in Africa (=-=Charmes, 1998-=-) and, like a sponge, absorbs most of the newsentrants to the labor force each year. Without the informal sector it would not be possib lesfor so many people to manage 47 to make a living when states ...

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...arios for Africa, to advance that this ‘streak of bad luck [since the 1980s] in worldsmarkets is unlikely to persist over the next decades’ and introduce a supplementarysgrowth of 0.7% in the future (=-=Hatton and Williamson, 2001-=-).sDYSFUNCTIONAL GOVERNANCEsSome growth-retarding factors have been identified, though with varioussdegrees of intensity: lack of preparation for independence and hasty decolonization, highdependency ...

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...ast insWestern and Equatorial Africa, has received different interpretations: thes‘retraditionalization of Africa’ (Chabal and Daloz, 1999), the ‘reenchantment ofsmodernity’ and a way to approach it (=-=Geschiere, 1997-=-), one of the cultural ‘repertoires’simpulsing the likely return to the Heart of Darkness (Bayart, 1997), or a new phase ofs‘mystical configuration’ after many others in the past (Bernault, 2001). Wha...

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...Zimbabwe of course,sbut Zambia too for instance).sEspecially when South Africa is excluded, Africa also lags behind the rest of thesworld in almost all dimensions of infrastructure development (World =-=Bank, 2000-=-). Thesindicator (Table 1) of the number of telephone mainlines can be considered as standingsfor all types of infrastructure; it is often used as a proxy in some regressions. There is ascritical shor...

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...t seems. Briefly it is the median of the lowestsand most typical and reliable national poverty lines after adjusting for purchasing power parity. And onesdollar a day means exactly $1.08 at PPP adjust=-=ed 1993-=- prices (‘equivalent’ to the first definition at $1 atsPPP adjusted 1985 prices).s7sTable 1 Selected comparative indicators for world regions 10sIndicatorsSub-SaharansAfrica South Asia East Asia Latin...

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... it (Geschiere, 1997), one of the cultural ‘repertoires’simpulsing the likely return to the Heart of Darkness (Bayart, 1997), or a new phase ofs‘mystical configuration’ after many others in the past (=-=Bernault, 2001-=-). Whatever thesreason or the effect, the resort to witchcraft to control hostile forces, or at least to impresssopponents by very individualistic policy entrepreneurs, is very common. Nevertheless, i...

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...South Asiasand 1.9% for Africa) or the decomposition between factors and TFP.sTable 2: Sources of growth: Africa and Asia compareds(average yearly rates of variation in %)sGrowth of Output 1960-1994 (=-=Crafts, 2002-=-)s1960-1994 CapitalsLaborsTFPsGDPsEast Asia 3.5 1.6 1.7 6.8sSouth-Asia 1.8 1.2 1.2 4.2sAfrica 1.7 1.7 -0.5 2.9sGrowth of Productivity per Worker (Collier and Gunning, 1999a)sCapital per worker Educati...