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...tions (details can be found in Sect. S3 of the Supplement). 2.3 Fugacity level III multimedia model Fugacity models are routinely applied to investigate the fate of compounds in a multimedia context (=-=Mackay, 2001-=-). The fugacity level III model was used to simulate concentrations of nitrosamines and nitramines in lake water. The model has four bulk media compartments; air, soil, water, and sediments. The model...

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... lowest layer has a depth of about 90 m. The model has been shown to compare very well when evaluated against trace gas measurements of ozone, nitrogen species, and other compounds at rural stations (=-=Jonson et al., 2006-=-; Simpson et al., 2006a, b; Fagerli and Aas, 2008; Aas et al., 2012). We here use open source version rv 4.0 of the EMEP model (released in September 2012), modified for amines and plume rise for this...

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...el system where the meteorological data is generated with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model (Skamarock and Klemp, 2008) and the dispersion and air chemistry is solved with the EMEP model (=-=Simpson et al., 2012-=-). WRF-EMEP was coupled to a multimedia fugacity level III model to simulate annual average concentrations of nitrosamines and nitramines in the water compartment in an evaluative environment. Karl et...

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...o account co-deposition effects for dry deposition of SO2. Parameterization of the wet deposition processes in the EMEP model includes both in-cloud and below-cloud scavenging of gases and particles (=-=Berge and Jakobsen, 1998-=-; Simpson et al., 2012). By default, the in-cloud scavenging ratio and below-cloud scavenging ratio of nitric acid (HNO3) was applied for the wet deposition of amines, nitramines, and nitrosamines. Fo...

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...heric amine removal rate by NO3 radicals will be approximately equal to the removal rate by OH radicals. Only a few smog chamber studies have looked into the kinetics and products from NO3 oxidation (=-=Malloy et al., 2009-=-) and amine reactions with NO3 are not well understood (Price, 2010). Based on proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry, detection of gas-phase compounds of the reaction between secondary aliphatic ...

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...that are products of the reaction of amines and atmospheric oxidants involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) under the influence of sunlight (Lee and Wexler, 2013; Nielsen et al., 2012b; Angove et al., 2012; =-=Pitts et al., 1978-=-). Reactions of amines with the atmospheric nitrate (NO3) radical could be important during night-time (Nielsen et al., 2012b) and might lead to the formation of nitramines (Price, 2010). Unlike secon...

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...ical reaction in the absorber column. The use of amine-based solvents result in the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ammonia (NH3) into the air due to the degradation of the solvent (=-=Strazisar et al., 2003-=-) in the CO2 capture plant (CCP). The CCP will release amines as gases and liquids to the air due to volatilization losses during the absorption process. Estimated emissions of MEA from post-combustio...

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...gstad are presented in Sect. 3.1. In this study we have chosen the meteorological year 2007 for comparability with previous results obtained from the TAPM (The Air Pollution Model) air quality model (=-=Hurley et al., 2005-=-) presented in the “worst case Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8533–8557, 2014 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/8533/2014/ M. Karl et al.: Amine emissions from CO2 capture 8537 scenario” study by Karl et al. (2011)...

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...ake water. Several studies investigated the degradation rates of various nitrosamines in soils in conjunction with use of wastewater treated with chloro compounds for recharge or irrigation purposes (=-=Kaplan and Kaplan, 1985-=-; Zhou et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2005; Drewes et al., 2006). The results from these and other studies indicate half lives of 1–22 days, with microbial activity being the dominant mechanism for degrad...

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...sition/emission and concentration in the water phase for a given compound. Fugacity level III models have successfully been applied to a wide range of compounds and environments (Mackay et al., 1996; =-=MacLeod and Mackay, 1999-=-) and are an integrated part of the US EPA software for environmental fate estimation (US EPA, 2012). Separate fugacity calculations were made for the nitramine of MEA, the nitramine of DEYA, and the ...

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...7 molecules cm−3 (Fig. 6a). The 24 h averaged OH concentration was 2.6× 106 molecules cm−3, in good agreement with previous model simulations for the Mongstad region employing the model COSMO/MUSCAT (=-=Wolke et al., 2004-=-) presented in the Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 8533–8557, 2014 www.atmos-chem-phys.net/14/8533/2014/ M. Karl et al.: Amine emissions from CO2 capture 8543 Table 4. Summary of model aspects included in the...

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... emissions Plume rise determines maximum ground-level concentrations from most point sources, as it typically increases the effective stack height by a factor of 2–10 times the actual release height (=-=Hanna et al., 1982-=-). Since maximum groundlevel concentration is roughly proportional to the inverse square of the effective stack height, it is clear that plume rise can reduce ground-level concentrations by a factor o...

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...1) made a preliminary evaluation of the impacts of MEA emissions from a hypothetical CCP capturing 1 Mt of CO2 per year. The evaluation considered air quality, drinking water, and aquatic ecosystems (=-=Karl et al., 2011-=-). However, the uncertainty associated with several of the model parameters and processes affected the results of this assessment; these included branching ratios and rate constants of the amine photo...

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...lamines), and amides that are products of the reaction of amines and atmospheric oxidants involving nitrogen oxides (NOx) under the influence of sunlight (Lee and Wexler, 2013; Nielsen et al., 2012b; =-=Angove et al., 2012-=-; Pitts et al., 1978). Reactions of amines with the atmospheric nitrate (NO3) radical could be important during night-time (Nielsen et al., 2012b) and might lead to the formation of nitramines (Price,...

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...e in July 2007 was found to be negligible for both unstable and stable conditions. For more details on the above scheme and other recommended schemes, see the final reports from the COST 710 project (=-=Fisher et al., 1998-=-) and Högström (1996). A logic diagram of the NILU Plume algorithm to obtain final plume rise is illustrated in Fig. S1 of the Supplement. Two alternative plume rise options were implemented: “ASME Pl...

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..., which are not further studied here. A study of the complete product spectrum from the atmospheric oxidation of MEA for the environmental conditions at Mongstad is the subject of our follow-up work (=-=Karl et al., 2014-=-). 3.6 Removal of nitramines and nitrosamines Reducing the rate constant of the reaction between MEAnitramine and OH by a factor of 23 had a negligible effect on the sum concentration (see Table 6), i...

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...del (CTM). This system, which is similar to the EMEP4UK setup (Vieno et al., 2009, 2010), was recently implemented and tested at the Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) (Colette et al., 2011; =-=Solberg and Svendby, 2012-=-). WRF-EMEP follows a nested procedure. It calculates concentrations first in the outer domain (extending from eastern North America to western Europe) with a 50 km horizontal resolution, then uses th...

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... and nitramines are likely to be higher than estimated here due to natural background levels. In a baseline study for TCM, background air concentrations of 5–30 ng m−3 of dimethylamine were reported (=-=Tønnesen et al., 2011-=-). The corresponding nitrosamine, NDMA, was not found in the air samples above the detection limit of the method (10 pg m−3). We expect that further improvement of the analytical methods for determina...