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Methyl mercury toxicokinetics in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) after intravascular administration. Environ Toxicol Chem 16:990–996
, 1997
"... Abstract—We compared the differences in the distribution and elimination of CH3Hg after intraarterial injection and serial blood removal in catfish and bass of similar body size under consistent water quality conditions. The blood and plasma concentration– time profiles of individual fish were analy ..."
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Abstract—We compared the differences in the distribution and elimination of CH3Hg after intraarterial injection and serial blood removal in catfish and bass of similar body size under consistent water quality conditions. The blood and plasma concentration– time profiles of individual fish were analyzed using a three-compartment, clearance–volume model. The plasma protein binding of CH3Hg was determined by ultrafiltration (30,000 mol. wt. cutoff) and the binding affinity (r) of CH3Hg for red blood cells (RBCs) was also calculated. Toxicokinetic analysis of the plasma concentration–time profiles provided the following values: apparent volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) 5 30 6 14 ml/g (catfish), 6.2 6 2 ml/g (bass); total body clearance (Clb) 5 0.026 6 0.011 ml/h/g (catfish), 0.0057 6 0.001 ml/h/g (bass). The values of Vss and Clb estimated from the blood concentration–time profiles in catfish and bass were fivefold lower. The elimination half-life from blood and plasma was between 814 and 1670 h and was not statistically different between species or reference fluid. The AUC0→ ` for blood was over three times higher than plasma, due to the binding of CH3Hg to RBCs. The unbound fraction of CH3Hg in bass plasma was 14-fold lower (0.25 vs. 3.64%) and the r for RBCs was 20 times greater than catfish (5,974 vs. 289). The decreased binding to plasma and RBCs in catfish is consistent with the increased extravascular distribution and clearance capacity of CH3Hg in catfish because a larger fraction of the CH3Hg in blood is available to distribute outside the vascular system. Keywords—Methyl mercury Toxicokinetics Catfish Bass Plasma binding
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Technical Report: Mercury in the Environment: Implications for Pediatricians
"... ABSTRACT. Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that causes a wide range of adverse health effects in humans. Three forms of mercury (elemental, inorganic, and organic) exist, and each has its own profile of toxicity. Exposure to mercury typically occurs by inhalation or ingestion. Readily ab ..."
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ABSTRACT. Mercury is a ubiquitous environmental toxin that causes a wide range of adverse health effects in humans. Three forms of mercury (elemental, inorganic, and organic) exist, and each has its own profile of toxicity. Exposure to mercury typically occurs by inhalation or ingestion. Readily absorbed after its inhalation, mercury can be an indoor air pollutant, for example, after spills of elemental mercury in the home; however, industry emissions with resulting ambient air pollution remain the most important source of inhaled mercury. Because fresh-water and ocean fish may contain large amounts of mercury, children and pregnant women can have significant exposure if they consume excessive amounts of fish. The developing fetus and young children are thought to be disproportionately affected by mercury exposure, because many aspects of development, particularly brain maturation, can be disturbed by the presence of mercury. Minimizing mercury exposure is, therefore, essential to optimal child health. This review provides pediatricians with current information on mercury, including environmental sources, toxicity, and treatment and prevention of mercury exposure.
Reviewers
, 2003
"... areas are collectively referred to as the “Sierra Lakes ” region in this advisory.) These guidelines were developed as a result of findings of high mercury levels in fish tested from these water bodies and are provided to protect against possible adverse health effects from methylmercury as consumed ..."
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areas are collectively referred to as the “Sierra Lakes ” region in this advisory.) These guidelines were developed as a result of findings of high mercury levels in fish tested from these water bodies and are provided to protect against possible adverse health effects from methylmercury as consumed from mercury-contaminated fish. This report provides background information and a description of the data and criteria used to develop the guidelines. To protect public health in the period while this technical support document was being prepared for public comment, the Counties of Nevada, Placer and Yuba in consultation with the Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, issued an interim public health notification for fish from the affected area. This notification is included in Appendix 2. Once completed, the advisory contained herein will become the final state advisory. For further information, contact:
Biological Monitoring for Mercury within a Community with Soil and Fish Contamination
"... To ass the impc of elraltd level of inooqanic mrcury in soil and dust and oganic mery in fish, b g ngNli eto an inactive mercur min inCer Lae, Calfoni.Ofrsdntia memer, 46 % (i- 56 atcptdi @ biomonitong.Urine mercury leelsareequivalent to baclground, indWicatingthat soil anddust ecposures among sudy ..."
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To ass the impc of elraltd level of inooqanic mrcury in soil and dust and oganic mery in fish, b g ngNli eto an inactive mercur min inCer Lae, Calfoni.Ofrsdntia memer, 46 % (i- 56 atcptdi @ biomonitong.Urine mercury leelsareequivalent to baclground, indWicatingthat soil anddust ecposures among sudy are not iThe avage blo or ncmeruy lev among sty ip ts is 15.6 * 8.8 pgl (n = 44), which is highr than leves reported by others among those who do not consme fish (2 lg/l). C it with results fiom other studies, a on between fish consumption d blood orgnic mercury is observed (p- 0.03). The margin between observed and adver effectlevs for adults is e for blood organic mercu iand f to be less than 10-fold for 10 % of the study Protecive public health &effot for the study pop on and others lary ex popuions, notably those who consume commerial fih products, are considered. we contaminated soil, fish advisories, fish consumpion, inorgnic mercury, methyl mercury, Native Amercans. Environ Heabh Perspect 105:424429 (1997) Large regions of North America, including the Northern California coastal mountains, are rich in inorganic mercury ores, particularly cinnabar (HgS) (1). Elevated environmental concentrations of mercury occur in these regions (2). Inorganic mercury vapor (Hg0) is readily absorbed and neurotoxic (3). Human uptake of cinnabar, however, has not been studied. Environmental mechanisms transform inorganic mercury to organic mercury. Organic mercury accumulates in the food chain, is efficiently absorbed, crosses the blood-brain and placenta barriers, and is neurotoxic and teratogenic (3). These effects were recognized in the 1960s when consumption of contaminated fish in Minamata, Japan, resulted in neurological effects, including cerebral palsy and death (4,5). Fish mercury concentrations associated with disease in Japan, 3-30 pg/g (5), were about 100-fold greater than the current average concentration in U.S. fish products, 0.1 pg/g
X- g~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~39 M 1 Imported Seabass as a Source of Mercury Exposure: A Wisconsin Case Study
"... mercury exposure in a 40 rold man, his 42-yiear-old wife, and rthir 2.5year-old son. At the time of out i-tion, thee indiidual had 4bl levels ranging fito 37 to 58 ( <5 pg/L) a ha.tsamples...othe lts contained.10-12 pg mercurgd Ptig A personal interim and home ino filled to identify any ocup l or ..."
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mercury exposure in a 40 rold man, his 42-yiear-old wife, and rthir 2.5year-old son. At the time of out i-tion, thee indiidual had 4bl levels ranging fito 37 to 58 ( <5 pg/L) a ha.tsamples...othe lts contained.10-12 pg mercurgd Ptig A personal interim and home ino filled to identify any ocup l or household sources of mercury ex Th # family's diet included th to four i mls per week Thte fish was........ purchased fro..m a local market and included Lake Supeior wi tefish, LakeSueribrtroutfarmraiseditrot and salmon, and imported seab Analysis
Critical Effective Methods to Detect Genotoxic Carcinogens and Neoplasm- Promoting Agents
"... Neoplasia in fish can result from contamination of waters with carcinogens and promotes Cancer in fish, therefore, is a possible indicator of cancer risk to man and serves as a guide to the need for preventative approaches involving improved means of waste disposal and environmental hygiene. Moreove ..."
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Neoplasia in fish can result from contamination of waters with carcinogens and promotes Cancer in fish, therefore, is a possible indicator of cancer risk to man and serves as a guide to the need for preventative approaches involving improved means of waste disposal and environmental hygiene. Moreover, cancer in fish indicates that this important food source may be contaminated. Detection of genotoxic carcinogens to which fish are exposed can be achieved quickly and efficiently by carefully selected batteries of complementary in uit, and in vowi bioassays. One such battery consists of the Ames test, a reverse mutation assay in prokaryotic Sabnonelatyphimurium, and the WViliams test, involving DNA repair in freshly explanted metabolically highly competent liver cells from diverse species, including humans. Determination of DNA-carcinogen adducts by varied techniques, including 32p _ posIabein&g as well as DNA breakage, mammalian cell mutagenicity, chromosome aberrtions, sister chromatid eahn or cell trazLomation represent additonal approaches, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. More research is needed on systems to apprehend neoplasm promoters, but tests to detemine interruption of intercellular communications through pp junctions appear promisng. Other approaches rely onmasurement ofenzymes such as ornithine decarbylaseand proten kinaseC Approaches to the definition of risk to fish or humans require characterization of the genotooic or nongenotoxic properties ofa chemical, relative potency data obtained in select, limited rodent bioassays, and knowledge of prevaiing environmental concentrations of specific carcinogens.
Investigation of Mercury Use, Release, Deposition, and Exposures in the Tampa Bay Area
, 2013
"... This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in ..."
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This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in
Environmental Medicine, Part 3: Long-Term Effects of Chronic Low-Dose Mercury Exposure
"... Mercury is ubiquitous in the environment, and in our mouths in the form of "silver" amalgams. Once introduced to the body through food or vapor, mercury is rapidly absorbed and accumulates in several tissues, leading to increased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. ..."
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Mercury is ubiquitous in the environment, and in our mouths in the form of "silver" amalgams. Once introduced to the body through food or vapor, mercury is rapidly absorbed and accumulates in several tissues, leading to increased oxidative damage, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death. Mercury primarily affects neurological tissue, resulting in numerous neurological symptoms, and also affects the kidneys and the immune system. It causes increased production of free radicals and decreases the availability of antioxidants. It also has devastating effects on the glutathione content of the body, giving rise to the possibility of increased retention of other environmental toxins. Fortunately, effective tests are available to help distinguish those individuals who are excessively burdened with mercury, and to monitor them during treatment. Therapies for assisting the reduction of a mercury load include the use of 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid (DMPS). Additional supplementation to assist in the removal of mercury and to reduce its adverse effects is discussed. (Altern Med Rev 2000;5(3):209-223)
