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...92). This is a large and active field, with applications in tutorial dialogues (Core, 2003), human-robot interactions (Peltason and Wrede, 2010), and more general approaches to effective turn-taking (=-=Selfridge and Heeman, 2010-=-). However, that body of work focuses on influencing discourse structure through positioning. The question that we are asking instead focuses on how speakers view their authority as a source of inform...

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... managing turn taking, in both dyadic [10, 19, 20] and multiparty settings [2, 4, 21]. With respect to turn-taking decisions, a number of more principled approaches have been proposed. As an example, =-=[16]-=- proposes a bidding approach to turn taking and investigates in simulations the use of reinforcement learning techniques for choosing appropriate turn bids, based on utterance importance. [8] proposes...

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... system to resume quickly as the NUBI likelihood is greater. Both T1 and T2 are dependent on the number of system resumptions, as we view the action of resuming the prompt as an indication that the threshold is not correct. With every resumption, the parameter R is incremented by 1 and, to account for changing environments, R is decremented by 0.2 for every full prompt that is not paused until it reaches 0. Using R, T1 is computed by T1 = 0.17· R, and T2 by T2 = argmax(0.1, 1− (0.1 ·R)).2 3.5 Method Discussion The motivation behind the PBR model is both theoretical and practical. According to Selfridge and Heeman (2010), turn-taking is best viewed as a collaborative process where the turn assignment should be determined by the importance of the utterance. During barge-in, the system is speaking and so should only yield the turn if the user’s speech is more important than its own. For many domains, we view non-understood input as less important than the system’s prompt and so, in this case, the system should not release the turn by stopping the prompt and initiating a clarifying subdialogue. On the practical side, there is a high likelihood that non-advancing input is not system directed, to which the system ...

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...utterance. To allow more responsive and natural interaction, a variety of decision-theoretic approaches have been proposed, which provide a more principled way of optimising the control of turntaking =-=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]-=-. Since any turn-taking decision may have an effect on the future evolution of the dialogue, a general solution should view the problem as sequential decision making in which the system has to optimis...

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...e system should begin speaking before some indication of user completion. In prior work, using a simple negotiation task, we proposed an SDS which could “bid for the turn” and actively try to take it =-=[8]-=-. This turn-bidding system had substantially shorter dialogues than an SDS which used conventional turn-taking techniques, demonstrating that effective SDS turn-taking in an integral aspect of efficie...

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...f-speech, and [13] manipulates the detection of end-of-speech. Another model that takes the urgency of an intendedspeech segment into consideration is the importance driven turn-bidding presented in =-=[15]-=-. In this general turn-taking framework, the turn is allocated to either the user or the system depending who shows more eager to speak by taking the prominence of different turn-taking cues into acco...

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...ilence, turn-final and turn-initial prosodic cues), and/or on user error rates and satisfaction scores. An initial dialog layer-focused challenge could be on turn-taking (Baumann and Schlangen, 2011; =-=Selfridge and Heeman, 2010-=-). Task modeling focused – This type of challenge will move from modeling individual tasks, to automatic acquisition and use of task models for interactive tasks in dialog systems. Future challenges o...