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234
On User Choice in Graphical Password Schemes
- In 13th USENIX Security Symposium
, 2004
"... Rights to individual papers remain with the author or the author's employer. Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes. This copyright notice must be included in the reproduced paper. USENIX acknowledges all trademarks herein. ..."
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Rights to individual papers remain with the author or the author's employer. Permission is granted for noncommercial reproduction of the work for educational or research purposes. This copyright notice must be included in the reproduced paper. USENIX acknowledges all trademarks herein.
The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on Behavior
"... Virtual environments, such as online games and web-based chat rooms, increasingly allow us to alter our digital self-representations dramatically and easily. But as we change our self-representations, do our self-representations change our behavior in turn? In 2 experimental studies, we explore the ..."
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Cited by 86 (9 self)
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Virtual environments, such as online games and web-based chat rooms, increasingly allow us to alter our digital self-representations dramatically and easily. But as we change our self-representations, do our self-representations change our behavior in turn? In 2 experimental studies, we explore the hypothesis that an individual’s behavior conforms to their digital self-representation independent of how others perceive them— a process we term the Proteus Effect. In the first study, participants assigned to more attractive avatars in immersive virtual environments were more intimate with confederates in a self-disclosure and interpersonal distance task than participants assigned to less attractive avatars. In our second study, participants assigned taller avatars behaved more confidently in a negotiation task than participants assigned shorter avatars. We discuss the implications of the Proteus Effect with regards to social interactions in online environments.
The cultural grounding of personal relationship: Friendship in North American and West African worlds.
- Personal Relationships,
, 2003
"... Previous research has suggested that physically attractive people experience more positive life outcomes than do unattractive people. However, the importance of physical attractiveness in everyday life may vary depending on the extent to which different cultural worlds afford or require individual ..."
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Cited by 54 (6 self)
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Previous research has suggested that physically attractive people experience more positive life outcomes than do unattractive people. However, the importance of physical attractiveness in everyday life may vary depending on the extent to which different cultural worlds afford or require individual choice in the construction and maintenance of personal relationships. The authors hypothesized that attractiveness matters more for life outcomes in settings that promote voluntaristic-independent constructions of relationship as the product of personal choice than it does in settings that promote embeddedinterdependent constructions of relationship as an environmental affordance. Study 1 examined selfreported outcomes of attractive and unattractive persons. Study 2 examined expectations about attractive and unattractive targets. Results provide support for the hypothesis along four dimensions: national context, relationship context, rural-urban context, and experimental manipulation of relationship constructions. These patterns suggest that the importance of physical attractiveness documented by psychological research is the product of particular constructions of reality.
Changes in women's choice of dress across the ovulatory cycle: Naturalistic and experimental evidence
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
, 2008
"... Changes in women’s choice of dress across the ovulatory cycle: Naturalistic and experimental evidence ..."
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Cited by 41 (5 self)
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Changes in women’s choice of dress across the ovulatory cycle: Naturalistic and experimental evidence
Matching and sorting in online dating
- American Economic Review
, 2010
"... Using data on user attributes and interactions from an online dating site, we estimate mate preferences, and use the Gale-Shapley algorithm to predict stable matches. The predicted matches are similar to the actual matches achieved by the dating site, and the actual matches are approximately efficie ..."
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Cited by 40 (0 self)
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Using data on user attributes and interactions from an online dating site, we estimate mate preferences, and use the Gale-Shapley algorithm to predict stable matches. The predicted matches are similar to the actual matches achieved by the dating site, and the actual matches are approximately efficient. Outof-sample predictions of offline matches, i.e., marriages, exhibit assortative mating patterns similar to those observed in actual marriages. Thus, mate preferences, without resort to search frictions, can generate sorting in marriages. However, we underpredict some of the correlation patterns; search frictions may play a role in explaining the discrepancy. (JEL C78, J12) This paper studies the economics of match formation using a novel dataset obtained from a major online dating service. Online dating takes place in a new market environment that has become a common means to find a date or a marriage partner. According to comScore (2006), 17 percent of all North American and 18 percent of all European Internet users visited an online personals site in July 2006. In the United States, 37 percent of all single Internet users looking for a partner have visited a dating Web site (Mary Madden and Amanda Lenhart 2006). The
Physical attractiveness and health in western societies: a review. Psychol Bull
"... Evidence from developed Western societies is reviewed for the claims that (a) physical attractiveness judgments are substantially based on body size and shape, symmetry, sex-typical hormonal markers, and other specific cues and (b) physical attractiveness and these cues substantially predict health. ..."
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Evidence from developed Western societies is reviewed for the claims that (a) physical attractiveness judgments are substantially based on body size and shape, symmetry, sex-typical hormonal markers, and other specific cues and (b) physical attractiveness and these cues substantially predict health. Among the cues that the authors review, only female waist-to-hip ratio and weight appear to predict both attrac-tiveness and health in the claimed manner. Other posited cues—symmetry and sex-typical hormonal markers among them—failed to predict either attractiveness or health (or both) in either sex. The authors find that there is some indication that attractiveness has an overall relationship with health among women, but little indication that male attractiveness relates to male health.
Perception of Robot Smiles and Dimensions for Human-Robot Interaction Design
- 15th IEEE International Symposium on Robot and Human Interactive Communication (RO-MAN 06
, 2006
"... Abstract — As robots enter everyday life and start to in-teract with ordinary people the question of their appearance becomes increasingly important. Our perception of a robot can be strongly influenced by its facial appearance. Synthesizing relevant ideas from narrative art design, the psychology o ..."
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Abstract — As robots enter everyday life and start to in-teract with ordinary people the question of their appearance becomes increasingly important. Our perception of a robot can be strongly influenced by its facial appearance. Synthesizing relevant ideas from narrative art design, the psychology of face recognition, and recent HRI studies into robot faces, we discuss effects of the uncanny valley and the use of iconicity and its relationship to the self-other perceptive divide, as well as abstractness and realism, classifying existing designs along these dimensions. A new expressive HRI research robot called KASPAR is introduced and the results of a preliminary study on human perceptions of robot expressions are discussed. I. MOTIVATIONS It is an exciting time in robotics. Personal service robots, so long the science fiction dream, are becoming reality and are for sale to general consumers. Currently their uses are limited, but capabilities are improving, costs are coming down and sales are growing. In addition robots are finding a new place in society as toys, artificial pets [20], security guards, teachers [10], tour guides [24] and in search and rescue. They are finding use in areas as diverse as autism therapy [22], space exploration and research into cognition and biological systems [23].
T.: Too real for comfort? uncanny responses to computer generated faces
- Computers in Human Behavior
"... As virtual humans approach photorealistic perfection, they risk making real humans uncomfortable. This intriguing phenomenon, known as the un-canny valley, is well known but not well understood. In an effort to demys-tify the causes of the uncanny valley, this paper proposes several perceptual, cogn ..."
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Cited by 34 (3 self)
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As virtual humans approach photorealistic perfection, they risk making real humans uncomfortable. This intriguing phenomenon, known as the un-canny valley, is well known but not well understood. In an effort to demys-tify the causes of the uncanny valley, this paper proposes several perceptual, cognitive, and social mechanisms that have already helped address riddles like empathy, mate selection, threat avoidance, cognitive dissonance, and psychological defenses. In the four studies described herein, a computer generated human character’s facial proportions, skin texture, and level of detail were varied to examine their effect on perceived eeriness, human like-ness, and attractiveness. In Study I, texture photorealism and polygon count increased human likeness. In Study II, texture photorealism heightened the accuracy of human judgments of ideal facial proportions. In Study III, atyp-ical facial proportions were shown to be more disturbing on photorealistic faces than on other faces. In Study IV, a mismatch in the size and texture of the eyes and face was especially prone to make a character eerie. These re-sults contest the depiction of the uncanny valley as a simple relation between comfort level and human likeness. This paper concludes by introducing a set of design principles for bridging the uncanny valley.
The face of success: inferences from chief executive officers’ appearance predict company profits
- Psychological Science
, 2008
"... First impressions are powerful and rich sources of information about other people, and studies have demonstrated that they predict performance in numerous domains, such as teaching (Ambady & Rosenthal, 1993) and electoral success (Todorov, Mandisodza, Goren, & Hall, 2005). Much of this work ..."
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Cited by 33 (6 self)
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First impressions are powerful and rich sources of information about other people, and studies have demonstrated that they predict performance in numerous domains, such as teaching (Ambady & Rosenthal, 1993) and electoral success (Todorov, Mandisodza, Goren, & Hall, 2005). Much of this work, however, has employed outcome variables that are subjective. For example, in the study of teacher effectiveness, both the predictor (naive observers ’ ratings) and the outcome (teaching evaluations) were based on subjective opinions. Similarly, electoral success is based on voters ’ impressions of candidates, which are also responsible for which candidates are elected. In the current study, we examined the relation between a subjective predictor and an objective performance outcome: Are impressions of chief executive officers (CEOs) related to the performance of their companies? Despite the ubiquitous perception of the CEO as the embodiment of a company, there is no clear evidence of any relation between CEOs ’ personalities and their companies’success (Ranft, Zinko, Ferris, & Buckley, 2006). Although some studies show that mediating factors, such as environmental context, can link factors like CEOs ’ charisma to companies ’ performance, no direct relation between CEOs ’ personalities and companies ’ success has been found (Agle, Nagarajan, Sonnenfeld, & Srinivasan, 2006;
Love & loans: the effect of beauty and personal characteristics in credit markets,’ SSRN Working Paper 1101647
, 2008
"... I examine whether easily observable variables such as beauty, race, and the way a loan applicant presents himself affect lenders ’ decisions, once hard financial information about credit scores, employment history, homeownership, and other financial information are taken into account. I use data fro ..."
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Cited by 29 (0 self)
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I examine whether easily observable variables such as beauty, race, and the way a loan applicant presents himself affect lenders ’ decisions, once hard financial information about credit scores, employment history, homeownership, and other financial information are taken into account. I use data from Prosper.com, a 150 million dollars online lending market in which borrowers post loan requests that include verifiable financial information, photos, an offered interest rate, and related context. Borrowers whose beauty is rated above average are 1.41 percentage points more likely to get a loan and, given a loan, pay 81 basis points less than an average-looking borrower with the same credentials. Black borrowers pay between 139 and 146 basis points more than otherwise similar White borrowers, although they are not more likely to become delinquent. Similarity between borrowers and lenders has also a powerful impact on lenders ’ decisions. In my sample personal characteristics are not, all else equal, significantly related to subsequent delinquency rates- with the exception of beauty, which is associated with substantially higher delinquency probability. The findings are consistent with personal characteristics affecting loan supply through lenders ’ preferences (taste-based discrimination a la Becker) and perception, rather than statistical discrimination based on inferences from their previous experience.
