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A survey of H.264 AVC/SVC encryption
- IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
, 2012
"... Abstract—Video encryption has been heavily researched in the recent years. This survey summarizes the latest research results on video encryption with a special focus on applicability and on the most widely-deployed video format H.264 including its scalable extension SVC. The survey intends to give ..."
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Cited by 11 (2 self)
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Abstract—Video encryption has been heavily researched in the recent years. This survey summarizes the latest research results on video encryption with a special focus on applicability and on the most widely-deployed video format H.264 including its scalable extension SVC. The survey intends to give researchers and practitioners an analytic and critical overview of the state-of-the-art of video encryption narrowed down to its joint application with the H.264 standard suite and associated protocols (packag-ing / streaming) and processes (transcoding / watermarking). I.
Efficient In-Network Adaptation of Encrypted H.264/SVC Content
, 2009
"... This paper addresses the efficient adaptation of encrypted scalable video content (H.264/SVC). RTP-based in-network adaptation schemes on a media aware network element (MANE) in an IPTV and VoD scenario are considered. Two basic alternatives to implement encryption and adaptation of H.264/SVC conten ..."
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Cited by 10 (5 self)
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This paper addresses the efficient adaptation of encrypted scalable video content (H.264/SVC). RTP-based in-network adaptation schemes on a media aware network element (MANE) in an IPTV and VoD scenario are considered. Two basic alternatives to implement encryption and adaptation of H.264/SVC content are investigated: (i) full, format-independent encryption making use of Secure RTP (SRTP); (ii) SVC-specific encryption that leaves the metadata relevant for adaptation (NAL unit headers) unencrypted. The SRTP-based scheme (i) is straightforward to deploy, but requires the MANE to be in the security context of the delivery, i.e., to be a trusted node. For adaptation, the content needs to be decrypted, scaled, and re-encrypted. The SVC-specific approach (ii) enables both full and selective encryption, e.g., of the base layer only. SVC-specific encryption is based on own previous work, which is substantially extended and detailed in this paper. The adaptation MANE can now be an untrusted node; adaptation becomes a low-complexity process, avoiding full decryption and re-encryption of the content. This paper presents the first experimental comparison of these two approaches and evaluates whether multimedia-specific encryption can lead to performance and application benefits. Potential security threats and security properties of the two approaches in the IPTV and VoD scenario are elementarily analyzed. In terms of runtime performance on the MANE our SVC-specific encryption scheme significantly outperforms the SRTP-based approach. SVC-specific encryption is also superior in terms of induced end-to-end delays. The performance can even be improved by selective application of the SVC-specific encryption scheme. The results indicate that efficient adaptation of SVC-encrypted content on low-end, untrusted network devices is feasible.
Format-compliant Encryption of H.264/AVC and SVC
, 2008
"... An encryption approach for H.264/AVC and SVC is proposed. Although the bitstream (format stream) is encrypted with state-of-the-art symmetric ciphers, H.264/AVC and SVC compliance is preserved. Standard compliant encoder/decoder and conventional symmetric ciphers, e.g., in specialized hardware, can ..."
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Cited by 5 (3 self)
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An encryption approach for H.264/AVC and SVC is proposed. Although the bitstream (format stream) is encrypted with state-of-the-art symmetric ciphers, H.264/AVC and SVC compliance is preserved. Standard compliant encoder/decoder and conventional symmetric ciphers, e.g., in specialized hardware, can still be employed – a significant advantage compared to previous work. The approach is suitable for a wide range of application scenarios.
Attribute-Based Access to Scalable Media in Cloud-Assisted Content Sharing Networks
- IEEE Trans. Multimedia
"... Attribute-based access to scalable media in cloud-assisted content sharing ..."
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Cited by 2 (0 self)
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Attribute-based access to scalable media in cloud-assisted content sharing
Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Efficient Block-Based Transparent Encryption for
"... Abstract Taking advantage of the inter-layer prediction technique used in H.264/SVC (Scalable Video Coding), in this paper we propose an efficient block-based encryption scheme (BBES) for encrypting H.264/SVC enhance-ment layers. BBES operates in three modes, namely, Intra-MB mode, Group-MB mode and ..."
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Abstract Taking advantage of the inter-layer prediction technique used in H.264/SVC (Scalable Video Coding), in this paper we propose an efficient block-based encryption scheme (BBES) for encrypting H.264/SVC enhance-ment layers. BBES operates in three modes, namely, Intra-MB mode, Group-MB mode and 4Group-MB mode. All the three modes are effective in se-curing enhancement layers, preserve the “adaptation-transparent ” property of H.264/SVC, and are format-compliant to the H.264/SVC bitstream for-mat specifications. Moreover, Intra-MB and Group-MB modes also possess the property we termed as “transcoding-transparency”. Experimental results indicate that BBES has low computational complexity and small compression overhead. Thus, BBES is suitable for transparent encryption of H.264/SVC bitstreams in which enhancement layers are encrypted but base layers are left
SUMMARY
"... While much attention has been paid to securing the transmission of single-layer video, multi-layer scalable video also deserves consideration. This paper presents a sufficient encryption (SE) scheme for the H.264 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension that maintains the compression efficiency and the ..."
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While much attention has been paid to securing the transmission of single-layer video, multi-layer scalable video also deserves consideration. This paper presents a sufficient encryption (SE) scheme for the H.264 Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension that maintains the compression efficiency and the decoder format compliancy of the bit-stream, without compromising its confidentiality. SE is achieved by applying selective encryption of carefully selected codewords or bin-strings of the CAVLC and CABAC entropy coders respectively. The selection of exactly what to encrypt is what distinguishes this contribution from that of others. The performance of the scheme is tested on sequences with varying spatial resolutions, thus demonstrating the advantages of the scheme when compared to alternative techniques. These advantages include: minimal computational delay by encrypting partial data; no bit-rate escalation by keeping the compression ratio unchanged; and format compliancy of the bit-stream at the decoder. The detailed security and comparative evaluation of the scheme confirms that it is suitable for commercial, real-time applications. As there is a minimal increase in processing requirements, the scheme is highly suitable for video distribution to users who have subscribed to differing video qualities on end systems ranging from small handheld devices to those capable of high spatial resolutions and frame rates.
