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"... Extensive studies have described hearing loss from congenital defects, ageing, noise exposure and ear infections in humans (Petit et al., 2001; Morzaria et al., 2004; Nelson and Hinojosa, 2006; Daniel, 2007). Hearing impairment with increasing age (presbycusis) ..."
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Extensive studies have described hearing loss from congenital defects, ageing, noise exposure and ear infections in humans (Petit et al., 2001; Morzaria et al., 2004; Nelson and Hinojosa, 2006; Daniel, 2007). Hearing impairment with increasing age (presbycusis)
Humpback Whale Song or Humpback Whale Sonar? A Reply to Au et al.
"... Abstract—Au and colleagues ’ arguments against the hypothesis that humpback whale songs function as long-range sonar are based on questionable assumptions rather than on empirical data. Like other echolocating mammals (e.g., bats), singing humpback whales: 1) localize targets in the absence of visua ..."
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Abstract—Au and colleagues ’ arguments against the hypothesis that humpback whale songs function as long-range sonar are based on questionable assumptions rather than on empirical data. Like other echolocating mammals (e.g., bats), singing humpback whales: 1) localize targets in the absence of visual information; 2) possess a highly innervated peripheral auditory system; and 3) modulate the temporal and spectral features of their sounds based on environmental conditions. The sonar equation is inadequate for determining whether humpback whale songs generate detectable echoes from other whales because it does not account for temporal variables that can strongly affect the detectability of echoes. In particular, the sonar equation ignores the fact that much of the noise encountered by singing humpback whales is spectrally and temporally predictable, and that audition in mammals is a dynamic and plastic process. Experiments are needed to test the hypothesis that singing humpback whales listen for and respond to echoes generated by their songs. Index Terms—Baleen whale, cetacean, environmentally-adaptive sonar, low-frequency sonar, mysticete.
TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. 2 TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS.....................................................................................
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North Pacific Right Whale
"... (Balaneoptera physalus) Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) ..."
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................. 2 TABLE OF TABLES.............................................................................................
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North Pacific Right Whale Endangered No No No (Eubalaena japonica)
"... physalus) ..."
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Consultation by: Endangered Species Act Interagency Cooperation Division ofthe Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service Approved by:
, 2013
"... This biological opinion was prepared by NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Endangered ..."
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This biological opinion was prepared by NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Endangered
Consultation by: Endangered Species Division of the Office of Protected Resources, National
, 2011
"... mammals incidental to training on the Gulf of Alaska Temporary Maritime ..."
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Consultation by:
, 2011
"... Section 7(a){2) of e Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) requires that each Federal agency shall ensure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species or result in the des ..."
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Section 7(a){2) of e Endangered Species Act (ESA) (16 U.S.C. 1531 et seq.) requires that each Federal agency shall ensure that any action authorized, funded, or carried out by such agency is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered or threatened species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat of such species. When the action of a Federal agency "may affect" a listed species or critical habitat that has been designated for such species, that agency is required to consult with either NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, depending upon the listed resources that may be affected. Federal agencies are exempt from this general requirement if they have concluded that an action "may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect " endangered species, threatened species, or designated critical habitat and NMFS or the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service concurs with that conclusion (50 CRF 402.l4{b)). For the actions described in this document, the action agencies are the United States Navy (Navy), which proposes to (1) conduct training on the Gulf of Alaska Temporary Maritime Activities Area (TMAA) and (2) NMFS ' Office of Protected Resources Pennits, Conservation, and Education Division (Pennits Division), which proposes to issue a Letter of Authorization would allow the Navy to "take " marine mammals incidental to those military readiness activities under the Marine Mammal Protection Act
SSC San Diego San Diego, CA 92152--5001
"... This report describes the creation of a bandpass ear model for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), a medium-size baleen whale with worldwide distribution. Anatomical indices of hearing derived from inner ear histology were used to generate a frequency-position function. Sensitivity-positio ..."
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This report describes the creation of a bandpass ear model for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), a medium-size baleen whale with worldwide distribution. Anatomical indices of hearing derived from inner ear histology were used to generate a frequency-position function. Sensitivity-position information is lacking for any mysticete. Thus, the humpback frequency-position data were integrated with the known auditory threshold characteristics of man (Homo sapiens) and the domesticated cat (Felis domesticus). The result is a predicted audiogram (frequency-sensitivity function) for the humpback whale. Evolutionary programming (EP) techniques were then used to optimize the sensitivity of a bandpass-filter model to the predicted humpback whale audiogram. Predicting the Humpback Whale Audiogram An audiometric function predicting the frequency-dependent relative sensitivity of the humpback whale was created on the assumption that the humpback ear could be modeled as a conventional mammalian ear. This was achieved by integrating the auditory threshold function with the frequencyposition function of two well-studied mammals with conventional ears, the cat and human, and mapping the resulting sensitivity-position functions onto the frequency-position map of the humpback whale. Ten measurements of the basilar membrane thickness and width were made along the lengths of basilar membranes obtained from a humpback whale (D. Ketten, pers. comm.). Ratios of thickness to width were determined (Ketten, 1993; Ketten, 1994) as a function of relative position along the basilar membrane. Ratios were normalized against cat thickness to width ratios and frequency-position estimates in order to create a frequency-position map of the humpback basilar membrane (Ketten, pers. comm.). A 3 ...
