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...ction between agents: firstly, the autonomy of agents stands in contrast to the rules that govern physical environments – agents receive messages but are free to fulfil or disappoint the expectations =-=[2]-=- associated with them. Secondly, communication postpones (or replaces) “real” physical action1: it allows for the establishment of causal relationships between symbols and subsequent symbols or physic...

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...rvable by at least two parties and (iii) signifies or stands for other actions by virtue of having been repeatedly followed by those other actions in the past (actually, it stands for the expectation =-=[1]-=- that they will be performed). More specifically, we require that agents in the MAS we examine reason about patterns of communication experienced in social interaction and use them strategically when ...

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...on 2 This view of expectations and sociality follows the Theory of Social Systems (“systems theory”) of the sociologist Niklas Luhmann [9] and is described from a computer scientific point of view=-= in [8, 1]-=-. P3 P4swe use, and to make certain auxiliary definitions and assumptions. The example network in figure 1 will be used throughout the discussion of ENs to illustrate the purpose of definitions and as...

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...empt to provide a method for engineering practicalsmultiagent systems.sHowever, there are currently only a few AOSE methodologies forsmultiagent systems, and many of those are still under development =-=[1, 12, 13, 18, 20]-=-.sAdditionally, most existing methodologies lack specific guidance on how to transformsthe specification of a system into the corresponding design and implementation.sThisslack of guidance is not uniq...

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...stinct approaches have been proposed that are mainly concerned with issues above the standard object level. Four good examples are the following: • EXPAND (“Expectation-oriented analysis and desig=-=n”) [57]. -=-This is an analysis and design method that emphasizes the aspect of autonomy and that introduces expectations held by individual agents as a first-order abstraction. • In [58] an analysis and design...

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...that do not presuppose ability to direct punishment or reward through physical actions) in real-world applications. 4. RELATED WORK Expectation-based reasoning about interaction was first proposed in =-=[2]-=-, considering the evolution of expectations described as probabilistic expectations of communication and action sequences. The same authors suggested a more general framework for expectation-based com...

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...ents the structure of a discourse of two agents (or two agent roles, respectively). For simplicity, we use a graphical notation which is slightly different compared to the full notation introduced in =-=[9, 17]-=-. Nodes (depicted as squares) are labeled with message templates (in a formal agent communication language) or the special symbols “⊥” (denoting the end of a conversation) and “?” (denoting an unknown...

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...uring runtime. A way to put the conceptualization of system designers as agents into practice in a semi-automatic manner is to assign the designer an intelligent, agent-like case tool, as proposed in =-=[5]-=- and in section 3.1. As far as we know, EOM is the rst approach to the speci cation, prediction, analysis and in uencing of social interaction that aims at tackling the level of expectations explicitl...