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Attempto Controlled English for knowledge representation
- In Reasoning Web — 4th International Summer School 2008, number 5224 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science
, 2008
"... Abstract. Attempto Controlled English (ACE) is a controlled natural language, i.e. a precisely defined subset of English that can automatically and unambiguously be translated into first-order logic. ACE may seem to be completely natural, but is actually a formal language, concretely it is a first-o ..."
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Cited by 71 (15 self)
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Abstract. Attempto Controlled English (ACE) is a controlled natural language, i.e. a precisely defined subset of English that can automatically and unambiguously be translated into first-order logic. ACE may seem to be completely natural, but is actually a formal language, concretely it is a first-order logic language with an English syntax. Thus ACE is human and machine understandable. ACE was originally intended to specify software, but has since been used as a general knowledge repre-sentation language in several application domains, most recently for the semantic web. ACE is supported by a number of tools, predominantly by the Attempto Parsing Engine (APE) that translates ACE texts into Discourse Representation Structures (DRS), a variant of first-order logic. Other tools include the Attempto Reasoner RACE, the AceRules system, the ACE View plug-in for the Protége ́ ontology editor, AceWiki, and the
A Comparison of three Controlled Natural Languages for OWL 1.1
- IN 4TH OWL EXPERIENCES AND DIRECTIONS WORKSHOP (OWLED 2008 DC
, 2008
"... At OWLED2007 a task force was formed to work towards a ..."
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Cited by 36 (4 self)
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At OWLED2007 a task force was formed to work towards a
Attempto Controlled English Meets the Challenges of Knowledge Representation, Reasoning, Interoperability and User Interfaces
- In Proceedings of 19th International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference
"... We present Attempto Controlled English — a user-friendly first-order logic language with a rich English syntax — and its associated tools, and demonstrate how they meet the challenges of knowledge representation, reasoning, interoperability and user interfaces created by large software projects like ..."
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Cited by 32 (3 self)
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We present Attempto Controlled English — a user-friendly first-order logic language with a rich English syntax — and its associated tools, and demonstrate how they meet the challenges of knowledge representation, reasoning, interoperability and user interfaces created by large software projects like the semantic web.
Capturing and answering questions posed to a knowledge-based system
- In D. Sleeman and K. Barker (Eds.), Proc Int Conf on Knowledge Capture (KCap’07
, 2007
"... As part of the ongoing project, Project Halo, our goal is to build a system capable of answering questions posed by novice users to a formal knowledge base. In our current context, the knowledge base covers selected topics in physics, chemistry, and biology, and our question set consists of AP (adva ..."
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Cited by 25 (9 self)
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As part of the ongoing project, Project Halo, our goal is to build a system capable of answering questions posed by novice users to a formal knowledge base. In our current context, the knowledge base covers selected topics in physics, chemistry, and biology, and our question set consists of AP (advanced high-school) level examination questions. The task is challenging because the questions are linguistically complex and are often incomplete (assume unstated knowledge), and because the users do not have prior knowledge of the system’s contents. Our solution involves two parts: a controlled language interface, in which users reformulate the original natural language questions in a simplified version of English, and a novel problem solver that can elaborate initially inadequate logical interpretations of a question by selecting relevant pieces of knowledge in the knowledge base. An evaluation of the work in 2006 showed that this approach is feasible and that complex, multisentence questions can be posed and answered, thus illustrating novel ways of dealing with the knowledge capture impedance between users and a formal knowledge base, while also revealing challenges that still remain. Categories and Subject Descriptors:
EA NLU: Practical Language Understanding for Cognitive Modeling
- Proceedings of the 22nd International Florida Artificial Intelligence Research Society Conference
, 2009
"... This paper presents an approach to creating flexible general-logic representations from language for use in high-level reasoning tasks in cognitive modeling. These representations are grounded in a large-scale ontology and emphasize the need for semantic breadth at the cost of syntactic breadth. The ..."
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Cited by 18 (12 self)
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This paper presents an approach to creating flexible general-logic representations from language for use in high-level reasoning tasks in cognitive modeling. These representations are grounded in a large-scale ontology and emphasize the need for semantic breadth at the cost of syntactic breadth. The task-independent interpretation process allows task-specific pragmatics to guide the interpretation process. In the context of a particular cognitive model, we discuss our use of limited abduction for interpretation and show results of its performance.
Writing Support for Controlled Natural Languages
- Proceedings of ALTA 2008
, 2008
"... In this paper we present interface techniques that support the writing process of machine-oriented controlled natural languages which are well-defined and tractable fragments of English that can be translated unambiguously into a formal target language. Since these languages have grammatical and lex ..."
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Cited by 10 (6 self)
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In this paper we present interface techniques that support the writing process of machine-oriented controlled natural languages which are well-defined and tractable fragments of English that can be translated unambiguously into a formal target language. Since these languages have grammatical and lexical restrictions, it is important to provide a text editor that assists the writing process by using lookahead information derived from the grammar. We will discuss the requirements to such a lookahead text editor and introduce the semantic wiki AceWiki as an application where this technology plays an important role. We investigate two different approaches how lookahead information can be generated dynamically while a text is written and compare the runtimes and practicality of these approaches in detail. 1
Naturalness vs. Predictability: A Key Debate in Controlled Languages
"... Abstract. In this paper we describe two quite different philosophies used in developing controlled languages (CLs): A "naturalist " approach, in which CL interpretation is treated as a simpler form of full natural language processing, including ambiguity resolution; and a "formalist & ..."
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Abstract. In this paper we describe two quite different philosophies used in developing controlled languages (CLs): A "naturalist " approach, in which CL interpretation is treated as a simpler form of full natural language processing, including ambiguity resolution; and a "formalist " approach, in which the CL interpretation is “deterministic ” (context insensitive) and the CL is viewed more as an English-like formal specification language. Despite the philosophical and practical differences, we suggest that a synthesis can be made in which a deterministic core is embedded in a naturalist CL, and illustrate this with our own controlled language CPL. In the second part of this paper we present a fictitious debate between an ardent “naturalist ” and an ardent “formalist”, each arguing their respective positions, to illustrate the benefits and tradeoffs of these different philosophies in an accessible way. Part I: The Naturalist vs. Formalist Debate 1
An Update on PENG Light
"... This paper presents an update on PENG Light, a lightweight and portable controlled natural language processor that can be used to translate a well-defined subset of English unambiguously into a formal target language. We illustrate by example of a Firefox extension that provides a simple interface t ..."
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Cited by 7 (0 self)
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This paper presents an update on PENG Light, a lightweight and portable controlled natural language processor that can be used to translate a well-defined subset of English unambiguously into a formal target language. We illustrate by example of a Firefox extension that provides a simple interface to the controlled natural language processor how web pages can be annotated with textual information written in controlled natural language and how these annotations can be translated incrementally into first-order logic. We focus in particular on technical aspects of the controlled language processor and show in detail how look-ahead information that can be used to guide the writing process of the author is generated during the parsing process. Additionally, we discuss what kind of user interaction is required for processing unknown content words. 1
A pragmatic approach to computational narrative understanding
, 2009
"... Narrative understanding is a hard problem for artificial intelligence that requires deep semantic understanding of natural language and broad world knowledge. Early research in this area stalled due to the difficulty of knowledge engineering and a trend in the field towards robustness at the expense ..."
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Narrative understanding is a hard problem for artificial intelligence that requires deep semantic understanding of natural language and broad world knowledge. Early research in this area stalled due to the difficulty of knowledge engineering and a trend in the field towards robustness at the expense of depth. This work explores how a practical integration of more recent resources and theories for natural language understanding can perform deep semantic interpretation of narratives when guided by specific pragmatic constraints. It shows how cognitive models can provide pragmatic context for narrative understanding in terms of well-defined reasoning tasks, and how those tasks can be used to guide interpretation and evaluate understanding. This work presents an implemented system, EA NLU, which has been used to interpret narrative text input to cognitive modeling simulations. EA NLU integrates existing large-scale knowledge resources with a controlled grammar and a compositional semantic interpretation process to generate highly expressive logical representations of sentences. Delayed disambiguation and representations from dynamic logic are used to separate this compositional process from a query-driven discourse interpretation process that is guided by pragmatic concerns and uses world knowledge. By isolating explicit points of ambiguity and using limited evidential abduction, this query-driven process can automatically identify the disambiguation choices that entail relevant interpretations. This work shows how this approach maintains
A principled approach to grammars for controlled natural languages and predictive editors
- Journal of Logic, Language and Information
, 2013
"... Abstract Controlled natural languages (CNL) with a direct mapping to formal logic have been proposed to improve the usability of knowledge representation systems, query interfaces, and formal specifications. Predictive editors are a popular approach to solve the problem that CNLs are easy to read bu ..."
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Cited by 6 (1 self)
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Abstract Controlled natural languages (CNL) with a direct mapping to formal logic have been proposed to improve the usability of knowledge representation systems, query interfaces, and formal specifications. Predictive editors are a popular approach to solve the problem that CNLs are easy to read but hard to write. Such predictive editors need to be able to “look ahead” in order to show all possible continuations of a given unfinished sentence. Such lookahead fea-tures, however, are difficult to implement in a satisfying way with existing grammar frameworks, especially if the CNL supports complex nonlocal structures such as anaphoric references. Here, methods and algorithms are presented for a new grammar notation called Codeco, which is specif-ically designed for controlled natural languages and predictive editors. A parsing approach for Codeco based on an extended chart parsing algorithm is presented. A large subset of Attempto Controlled English (ACE) has been represented in Codeco. Evaluation of this grammar and the parser implementation shows that the approach is practical, adequate and efficient.
