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...several fMRI studies shows that reflecting on one’s emotional experience is supported by medial prefrontal regions (e.g. BA10; Gusnard et al., 2001; Ochsner et al., 2004; Eisenberger et al., 2005) which are damaged in our patients. Accordingly, patients with ventromedial prefrontal lesions report reduced self-conscious emotions after engaging in socially inappropriate behaviors compared to patients with dorsolateral lesions (see also Eslinger and Damasio, 1985; Beer et al., 2006). Moreover, these patients may fail to anticipate future emotions (e.g. regret), in order to guide decision-making (Camille et al., 2004). We also note that social reasoning abilities such as empathy heavily rely on processing in medial prefrontal regions (e.g. Brothers and Ring, 1992; Eslinger, 1998), and may be impaired in patients with ventromedial prefrontal damage (Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2005), possibly resulting in reduced responsiveness to victims (see Blair and Cipolotti, 2000). Other authors have proposed that moral violations in patients with ventromedial prefrontal lesions may result from a failure to develop or use affective/emotional cues to inhibit morally unacceptable behavior (e.g., Damasio, 1994; Hornak et al., ...

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...M.Koenigs and D.Tranelsat Pennsylvania State U niversity on M ay 9, 2016 http://scan.oxfordjournals.org/ D ow nloaded from emotion-related decision-making following VMPC damage (Bechara et al., 1997; =-=Camille et al., 2004-=-; Shiv et al., 2005; Koenigs and Tranel, 2007; Koenigs et al., 2007). Building on this line of work, we would predict that normal healthy individuals would demonstrate significant emotional responses ...

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...sirable outcome that might have been if a different decision had been made. The positive counterpart of regret is relief (when the counterfactual comparison favors what is). Anticipation of counterfactually mediated emotions such as relief and regret may influence decision-making. Studies involving gambling tasks have shown deviations from pure EVmaximising behaviour attributable to participants taking into account the regret their decisions may cause them to feel. They are prepared to accept smaller rewards to avoid putting themselves at risk of experiencing the unpleasant emotion of regret (Camille et al., 2004; Coricelli et al., 2005; Coricelli, Dolan, & Sirigu, 2007). Adolescents are thought to show exaggerated or more labile emotional responses to outcomes compared to children or adults (Casey et al., 2008; Ernst & Mueller, 2007; Ernst et al., 2005; Eshel et al., 2007). Also, the ability to think counterfactually about the outcomes of decisions may continue to develop during adolescence (Baird & Fugelsang, 2004). If the anticipation of counterfactually mediated emotions plays a key role in decision-making in adults (Coricelli et al., 2007), immaturities in the genesis or use of counterfactually m...

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...irrors previous work revealing heightened arousal in anticipation of future monetary (Bechara et al., 1996) or cognitive (Botvinick & Rosen, 2009) costs, as well as a subjective experience of regret (=-=Camille et al., 2004-=-). This coarse analysis lends credibility to a reflexive account of arousal. But could these signals provide evidence for a reflective process, following participants’ behavior, that makes inferences ...

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...nt, implying representation of the expected rewards during an internal, self-initiated decision. When faced with outcomes that do not match expectations, human subjects report feeling disappointment (=-=Camille et al., 2004-=-; Chua et al., 2009). Economically, disappointment is defined as receiving less value than expected (Bell, 1985; Loomes and Sugden, 1986; Redish et al., 2007). When human subjects reported feeling dis...

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...vious research has not explicitly manipulated emotion which makes it difficult to conclude that neural activity is associated with the influence of emotion (Elliott et al., 2002; Paulus et al., 2003; =-=Camille et al., 2004-=-; Bishop et al., 2004b; Coricelli et al., 2005; Kuhnen and Knutson, 2005; Shiv et al., 2005). Other research has identified neural activity associated with emotion-conguent judgment, while simultaneou...