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... we study the role of each, and the tradeoffs that exist in using them. In the field of handwriting recognition, the different levels of lexical information are well studied. Some approaches, such as =-=[12]-=-, take a holistic approach, recognizing entire words, while others such as [15] focus more on recognizing individual characters. Plamondon and Srihari [16] provide an extensive survey of this work. Ho...

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...me consuming, so we break down the problem into four individual letter recognition problems. Neither the holistic nor individual letter approach to word recognition is new. Madhvanath and Govindaraju =-=[3]-=- have used a holistic approach in handwriting recognition, while Plamondon and Srihari [5] present a survey of holistic and segmented approaches for handwriting recognition. Proceedings of the 2004 IE...

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... character-like coding. In holistic word representation, each word is encoded by means of some of the most salient word features (e.g., the number of characters or the number of ascenders/descenders) =-=[11]-=-. A particular case of holistic word representation is zoning (e.g., [12]) that consists of overlapping the word image with a fixed-size grid and computing some features (e.g., the density of black pi...

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...essary to make holistic recognition feasible for large vocabulary sizes. Lexicon reduction determines the set of words from a large lexicon (vocabulary) that is likely to match some handwritten input =-=[195]-=-. Performance of holistic methods is sufficiently high for small vocabularies (e.g., 98% on a 10 word vocabulary [113]). Lexicon reduction can make holistic methods applicable to large vocabulary task...

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...lthough online handwriting recognition has advanced to the level of commercial application, offline handwriting recognition has only been successful in small-vocabulary and highly constrained domains =-=[17, 13]-=-. Only very recently have people started to look at offline recognition of large vocabulary handwritten documents [3]. Marti et al [10] proposed to use a Hidden Markov model (HMM) for modern handwritt...

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... use some variation of a segment-then-recognize/match approach either implicitly or explicitly. Other competing approaches exist including holistic (or segmentation-free) modeling of word recognition =-=[18]-=-. Our explicit segmentation approach first segments [6] the word image into a series of segments which may represent a full, partial, or spurious character. Next, the segments are arranged into some s...

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...ic and large lexicon scenarios represent a challenge for holistic approaches since traditional training of a classifier from a large population of sample images of each word class is not possible. In =-=[16]-=-, we developed a methodology of coarse holistic features and heuristic prediction of such features from ASCII that allows the application of holistic features to large and dynamic lexicon scenarios. 3...

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... Vector Machines, Off-line Signature Recognition, Handwriting Recognition I. INTRODUCTION Automatic human signature processing is a complex and specific area of automatic handwriting analysis [36][19]=-=[31]-=- with a high scientific and technical interest. Two are the main research fields in this area: signature verification and signature recognition (or identification). The amount of interest and research...