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...et al., 2001). RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 have been implicated in promoting cell-cell adhesion (Kuroda et al., 1997; Takaishi et al., 1997), and adherens junction formation seems to require RhoA and Rac1 (=-=Braga et al., 1997-=-; Sander et al., 1999). Furthermore, Rac1 is colocalized with E-cadherin at sites of cell-cell contact during adherens junction assembly and translocates to the cytoplasm if junctions are disrupted by...

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...teins in numerous cell types, including MDCK kidney epithelial cells, keratinocytes, Eph4 mammary epithelial cells, T84 intestinal cells, MCF7 breast carcinoma cells, and HCT116 colon carcinoma cells =-=(6, 26, 33, 38, 40, 46)-=-. Investigation of the downstream signaling pathways through which Rho regulates apical junctions has principally focused on ROCK. The inhibition of ROCK in T84 cells prevents apical junction formatio...

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...gure 5A) and did not alter the distribution of ß-catenin and N-cadherin (our unpublished results). Because Rac1 and RhoA have been implicated in the regulation of the formation of cell-cell contacts (=-=Braga et al., 1997-=-; Takaishi et al., 1997; Jou et al., 1998; Jou and Nelson, 1998; Stoffler et al., 1998), we investigated the role of Rho GTPase proteins in Pitx2a-induced cell-cell contacts. Expression of the dominan...

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...1998). Additionally, N-cadherin is linked to the actin cytoskeleton via intermediary proteins (Hirano et al., 1992; Ozawa et al., 1990), and this linkage is key to its adhesive function (Braga, 2002; =-=Braga et al., 1997-=-; Fukata and Kaibuchi, 2001; Nagafuchi et al., 1994). However, little is known about N-cadherin’s role in the regulation of ongoing spine structural dynamics. Further, while the effects of chronic des...

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...se beads, thrombin cleaved, dialyzed, and concentrated as described (Ridley et al., 1992). The activity of each batch of recombinant proteins was tested in fibroblasts and keratinocytes as described (=-=Braga et al., 1997-=-). Recombinant GST–�-catenin fusion protein was generated by isolation of full-length human �-catenin cDNA from plasmid pQE32 (a gift of Dr. J. Behrens) by SmaI-SalI digestion and ligation into pGEX-5...

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...r mean lifespan. The role of RhoA in the regulation of epithelial morphology is complex. Although Rho activity is required for the formation and stability of E-cadherin-dependent cell-cell junctions (=-=Braga et al., 1997-=-; Takaishi et al., 1997; Yamada and Nelson, 2007), as epithelial cell monolayers reach confluence or re-establish contacts after calcium switch, RhoA activity is progressively reduced to a low basal l...

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...e tethering of adherens junctions to the actin cytoskeleton is not required to enablesextracellular binding of E-cadherin, but it almost certainly aids the strengthening of thesjunctions once formed (=-=Braga et al., 1997-=-).sThe association of adherens junctions to thesactin cytoskeleton may be due in part to the activities of the small GTPases of the Rhosfamily, Rac1, RhoA and cdc42.sActivation of all three GTPases oc...

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...ed. Activation of RhoA, Rac1 and CDC42 can regulate loss as well as formation of cell–cell contacts and several downstream effectors such as Rho Kinase and IQGAP have been implicated in these events (=-=Braga et al., 1997-=-; Hordijk et al., 1997; Kuroda et al., 1997; Kuroda et al., 1998). The stimulation of actin polymerization by Rac1, through its activation of the Arp2/3 complex, is a key aspect of its capacity to ini...

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...ization by RhoA regulates various cellular events, such as focal adhesion formation, cell motility, membrane ruffling, cytokinesis, cell aggregation, smooth muscle contraction and neurite retraction (=-=Braga et al., 1997-=-; Charzanowska-Wodnicka and Burridge, 1996; Gebbink et al., 1997; Kureishi et al., 1997; Takai et al., 1995). Activation of the RhoA cascade occurs downstream of Rac and results in release of RhoA fro...