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...ies between MP and ARF1 are particularly pronounced within a presumptive DNA binding domain (76% similarity between residues 150– 264, Figure 2E) that is related to Maize transactivator Viviparous 1 (=-=McCarty et al., 1991-=-) (Figure 2E). The MP sequence is most probably partially represented by cDNA IAA24 (Ulmasov et al., 1997) (865 out of 866 amino acids 1406 Fig. 1. (A) Wild-type embryos at the onset of heart-stage (c...

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...nse mutants, such as maize Viviparousl (VPI) and Arabidopsis ABA-insensifive(ABI7) (Leung et al., 1994; Meyer et al., 1994). It has been shown that VP1 and ABIl gene products, a transcription factor (=-=McCarty et al., 1991-=-) anda protein phosphatase (Leung et al., 1994; Meyer et al., 1994), respectively, are components of an ABA signal transduction pathway(s). ldentification of the cis- and trans-acting elements involve...

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...l., 2001a). Several transcriptional activators are involved in ABA responses (Himmelbach et al., 2003). Arabidopsis ABI3 and maize (Zea mays) VP1 encode transcription factors of the B3 domain family (=-=McCarty et al., 1991-=-; Giraudat et al., 1992). ABI4 is a transcription factor in the APETALA2 (AP2) domain family, whereas ABI5 is a basic domain/leucine zipper protein that binds to the ABAresponsive element G box (Finke...

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...d (Giraudat et al., 1992), and its protein product has been shown to bear significant homology with Viviparousl, a transcription activator that is required for normal maturation development in maize (=-=McCarty et al., 1991-=-). Although substantial evidence indicates that ABl3 regulates gene transcription during seed maturation, further biochemical analyses in this system are hampered by the small size of Arabidopsis seed...

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...late and the reverse primer contained a SacI restriction site. The amplified DNA fragments were digested with NdeI and HindIII (maize hcf106sd), or NdeI and SacI (pea tha4sd), and cloned into pETH3c (=-=McCarty et al., 1991-=-). The resulting plasmids were introduced into BL21 (�DE3) and the expression was induced with IPTG. Both recombinant proteins accumulated in the soluble fraction of E. coli cells and were purified by...

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...in barley aleurone protoplasts (Wang et al., 1991; van der Veen et al., 1992). Furthermore, Ca2+ has been proposed to be involved specifically in the ABA down-regulation of GA-induced events while the ABA up-regulation of gene expression could be Ca2+-independent (Gilroy, 1996). Genetic analyses have revealed the role of other regulatory molecules in mediating ABA-regulated gene expression. Mutations in the Viviparous 1 (VP1) gene in maize leads to precocious germination. Although the level of ABA is unaffected in vp1 mutants, their sensitivity to ABA is much reduced (Robichaud et al., 1980). McCarty et al. (1991) have shown that VP1 modifies both ABA up- and down-regulated gene expression. The VP1 protein contains a transactivation domain for gene regulation and it is likely to interact with other factors important for the ABA induction of Em gene (Schultz et al., 1998). The Arabidopsis ABA-insensitive 1 (ABI1) gene codes for a protein phosphatase 2C (PP2C) involved in ABA signal transduction (Leung et al., 1994; Meyer et al., 1994). The role of PP2C mediating ABA regulation of gene expression has also been shown in maize leaf protoplasts (Sheen, 1998). Recently, it has been suggested that ABI1 is a n...

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.... During germination, GA induction of the 210 mM KCI fraction binding activity in the presence of the 02s factor (Lanahan et al., 1992; Rogers and Rogers, 1992) and the loss of the VP1-like activity (=-=McCarty et al., 1991-=-) might cause a displacement of such repressor factors through a mechanism similar to that seen in the tissue-specific and developmentally regulated expression of a- actin in myoblasts (Lee et al., 19...

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...ntaining the fulllength CPG of CPV-4 was amplified by PCR using primers CPV3 and CPV4. The PCR product was digested, repurified and ligated into NheI and EcoRI sites of the pETH 3a expression vector (=-=McCarty et al., 1991-=-), a modified pET vector (Novagen). The resulting plasmid was used to transform E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS cells (Novagen). For expression, single colonies were grown in the presence of ampicillin (200 l...