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410
Working memory: looking back and looking forward.
- Nature Rev. Neurosci.
, 2003
"... The theoretical concept of working memory assumes that a limited capacity system, which temporarily maintains and stores information, supports human thought processes by providing an interface between perception, long-term memory and action The term 'working memory' seems to have been in ..."
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Cited by 225 (0 self)
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The theoretical concept of working memory assumes that a limited capacity system, which temporarily maintains and stores information, supports human thought processes by providing an interface between perception, long-term memory and action The term 'working memory' seems to have been invented by Miller, Galanter and Pribram 9 , and was adopted by Baddeley and Hitch 10 to emphasize the differences between their three-component model and earlier unitary models of short-term memory (STM). These differences include its multi-component character, its emphasis on combined processing and storage, and the stress on its functional importance as a system that facilitates a range of cognitive activities, such as reasoning, learning and comprehension. This approach resulted in the development of a set of experimental tasks that could be used to analyse different activities and subject populations 1 . Because the available empirical evidence provided few constraints, the model was initially loosely specified: for example, it had no mechanism for storing serial order. However, it was simple and robust, and had the potential to develop and become much richer and more clearly specified. The Baddeley and Hitch model continues to flourish, and will be used as a basis for this review. The article will, however, extend beyond WORKING MEMORY: LOOKING BACK AND LOOKING FORWARD Alan Baddeley The concept of working memory proposes that a dedicated system maintains and stores information in the short term, and that this system underlies human thought processes. Current views of working memory involve a central executive and two storage systems: the phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad. Although this basic model was first proposed 30 years ago, it has continued to develop and to stimulate research and debate. The model and the most recent results are reviewed in this article.
Spent Resources: Self-Regulatory Resource Availability Affects Impulse Buying,”
- Journal of Consumer Research,
, 2007
"... This research investigated impulse buying as resulting from the depletion of a common-but limited-resource that governs self-control. In three investigations, participants' self-regulatory resources were depleted or not; later, impulsive spending responses were measured. Participants whose res ..."
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Cited by 109 (13 self)
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This research investigated impulse buying as resulting from the depletion of a common-but limited-resource that governs self-control. In three investigations, participants' self-regulatory resources were depleted or not; later, impulsive spending responses were measured. Participants whose resources were depleted, relative to participants whose resources were not depleted, felt stronger urges to buy, were willing to spend more, and actually did spend more money in unanticipated buying situations. Participants having depleted resources reported being influenced equally by affective and cognitive factors and purchased products that were high on each factor at equal rates. Hence, self-regulatory resource availability predicts whether people can resist impulse buying temptations. M odern Western societies provide ever-increasing opportunities for impulse spending. Years ago, consumers might have seen an interesting product advertised while watching television or flipping through a magazine one evening. If tempted, however, they would generally have had to wait at least until the next day to act on this desire. This imposed delay may have served a highly useful purpose insofar as it aided in preventing situational factors from governing purchasing behavior. Such developments in technology as cash machines, shop at home television programs, and Internet shopping now render urges to act immediately and buy around the clock highly difficult to resist. Has the new technology changed the rate and frequency of impulsive buying? Recent figures suggest that the answer is yes: the ratio of household debt to disposable income in the United States is at an all-time high and continues to
Self-regulation and the problem of human autonomy: Does psychology need choice, self-determination, and will
- Journal of Personality
, 2006
"... ABSTRACT The term autonomy literally refers to regulation by the self. Its opposite, heteronomy, refers to controlled regulation, or regulation that occurs without self-endorsement. At a time when philosophers and economists are increasingly detailing the nature of autonomy and recognizing its socia ..."
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Cited by 62 (2 self)
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ABSTRACT The term autonomy literally refers to regulation by the self. Its opposite, heteronomy, refers to controlled regulation, or regulation that occurs without self-endorsement. At a time when philosophers and economists are increasingly detailing the nature of autonomy and recognizing its social and practical significance, many psychologists are questioning the reality and import of autonomy and closely related phenomena such as will, choice, and freedom. Using the framework of selfdetermination theory (Ryan & Deci, 2000), we review research concerning the benefits of autonomous versus controlled regulation for goal performance, persistence, affective experience, quality of relationships, and well-being across domains and cultures. We also address some of the controversies and terminological issues surrounding the construct of autonomy, including critiques of autonomy by biological reductionists, cultural relativists, and behaviorists. We conclude that there is a universal and cross-developmental value to autonomous regulation when the construct is understood in an exacting way. The concept of autonomy has become increasingly accepted, refined, and applied within the discipline of philosophy (Friedman, 2003). Indeed, Taylor (2005) argued that the nature and value of autonomy are now common topics within philosophy and that these discussions of autonomy are ‘‘underpinned by an increasingly flourishing and
Self-Regulation and Personality: How Interventions Increase Regulatory Success, and How Depletion Moderates the Effects of Traits on Behavior
"... ABSTRACT Self-regulation is a highly adaptive, distinctively human trait that enables people to override and alter their responses, including changing themselves so as to live up to social and other standards. Recent evidence indicates that self-regulation often consumes a limited resource, akin to ..."
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Cited by 61 (5 self)
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ABSTRACT Self-regulation is a highly adaptive, distinctively human trait that enables people to override and alter their responses, including changing themselves so as to live up to social and other standards. Recent evidence indicates that self-regulation often consumes a limited resource, akin to energy or strength, thereby creating a temporary state of ego depletion. This article summarizes recent evidence indicating that regular exercises in self-regulation can produce broad improvements in self-regulation (like strengthening a muscle), making people less vulnerable to ego depletion. Furthermore, it shows that ego depletion moderates the effects of many traits on behavior, particularly such that wide differences in socially disapproved motivations produce greater differences in behavior when ego depletion weakens the customary inner restraints. Self-regulation is an important personality process by which people seek to exert control over their thoughts, their feelings, their impulses and appetites, and their task performances. The human capacity for self-regulation appears to be much more extensive than what is found in other animals, which may suggest that the evolutionary pressures that guided the selection of traits that make up human nature, such as participation in cultural groups, found self-regulation to be especially adaptive and powerful (Baumeister, 2005). If so, then self-regulation may be one of the most distinctively human traits. Even if human beings are capable of more self-regulation than other animals, however, their capacity is far less than what many Correspondence concerning this article may be sent to R. Baumeister, Department
Seven principles of goal activation: A systematic approach to distinguishing goal priming from priming of non-goal constructs
- Personality and Social Psychology Review
, 2007
"... needs appear to influence all stages of the information-processing sequence, namely, perception, representation, and a variety of mental operations, such as inference gen-eration and memory, thereby altering behavior, emotion, judgment, and problem solving (see Förster & Denzler, 2006, in press; ..."
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Cited by 44 (1 self)
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needs appear to influence all stages of the information-processing sequence, namely, perception, representation, and a variety of mental operations, such as inference gen-eration and memory, thereby altering behavior, emotion, judgment, and problem solving (see Förster & Denzler, 2006, in press; Gollwitzer & Moskowitz, 1996). In recent years, social cognition researchers also have made tremendous progress in understanding the extent to which judgment and behavior are guided without inten-tion or awareness (for reviews, see Dijksterhuis & Bargh, 2001; Förster & Liberman, 2007). Most notably, demon-strations of what has been described as automatic goal pursuit or implicit volition (Bargh, Gollwitzer, Lee-Chai,
Self-regulation, ego depletion, and motivation
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
, 2007
"... Motivation is underappreciated in self-regulation theories (as is true in social personality psychology at large). This paper reviews the role of motivation in the context of the strength, or limited-resource, model of self-control in several domains. Sacrificing one desire in order to pursue anothe ..."
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Cited by 43 (4 self)
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Motivation is underappreciated in self-regulation theories (as is true in social personality psychology at large). This paper reviews the role of motivation in the context of the strength, or limited-resource, model of self-control in several domains. Sacrificing one desire in order to pursue another is more difficult when the incipient response is strongly motivated, a notion that highlights the struggle between urges and restraints. A reduction in ego resources can be temporarily overcome by strong motivation – nevertheless, ego depletion is not solely a loss of motivation: Recent experiments indicate that regulatory resources are rooted in physical energy stores. Motivational conflicts, especially the clash between selfish motives and behaviors that promote social acceptance, set the stage for the necessity of self-regulation and the circumstances in which ego depletion is most likely. Self-regulation is the self ’s capacity for altering its behaviors. It greatly increases the flexibility and adaptability of human behavior, enabling people to adjust their actions to a remarkably broad range of social and situational demands. It is an important basis for the popular conception of free will and for socially desirable behavior. It provides benefits to the individual and to society, and indeed good self-control seems to contribute to a great many desirable outcomes, including task performance, school and work success, popularity, mental health and adjustment, and good interpersonal relation-
Ego Depletion and Self-Control Failure: An Energy Model of the Self's Executive Function
- Self and Identity
"... The ability of the self to alter its own responses, including thoughts, emotions, impulsive behaviors, and performances, is powerfully adaptive, and failures of self-control contribute to most personal and social problems. A program of laboratory studies suggests that self-control depends on a limit ..."
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Cited by 31 (0 self)
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The ability of the self to alter its own responses, including thoughts, emotions, impulsive behaviors, and performances, is powerfully adaptive, and failures of self-control contribute to most personal and social problems. A program of laboratory studies suggests that self-control depends on a limited resource, akin to energy or strength. Acts of self-control and, more generally, of choice and volition deplete this resource, thereby impairing the self’s ability to function. These effects appear after seemingly minor exertions because the self tries to conserve its remaining resources after any depletion. Rest and positive affect help restore the self’s resources. Nearly all living things have the capacity to respond to their environments. Some of these responses are innately prepared, and others are learned. When a particular situation or stimulus is encountered, the response ¯ows quickly and reliably. Human beings differ from most other species, however, in that they have an extraordinary capacity to override their responses and change how they act. This capacity involves altering their internal states and processes, and it is responsible for the unprece-dented scope and diversity of human behavior. The terms self-regulation and self-
Motivation
- HANDBOOK OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY (5TH ED., PP. 268-316). NEW YORK: WILEY. CHAPTER 8
, 2010
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Executive functions and self-regulation.
- Trends in Cognitive Sciences,
, 2012
"... Self-regulation is a core aspect of adaptive human behavior that has been studied, largely in parallel, through the lenses of social and personality psychology as well as cognitive psychology. Here, we argue for more communication between these disciplines and highlight recent research that speaks ..."
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Cited by 24 (1 self)
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Self-regulation is a core aspect of adaptive human behavior that has been studied, largely in parallel, through the lenses of social and personality psychology as well as cognitive psychology. Here, we argue for more communication between these disciplines and highlight recent research that speaks to their connection. We outline how basic facets of executive functioning (working memory operations, behavioral inhibition, and taskswitching) may subserve successful self-regulation. We also argue that temporary reductions in executive functions underlie many of the situational risk factors identified in the social psychological research on selfregulation and review recent evidence that the training of executive functions holds significant potential for improving poor self-regulation in problem populations.
