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57
Academic entrepreneurs: organizational change at the individual level
- Organization Science
"... Abstract: This study explores the process of organizational change by examining localized social learning in organizational subunits. Specifically, we examine participation in university technology transfer, a new organizational initiative, by tracking 1780 faculty members, examining their backgrou ..."
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Cited by 47 (2 self)
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Abstract: This study explores the process of organizational change by examining localized social learning in organizational subunits. Specifically, we examine participation in university technology transfer, a new organizational initiative, by tracking 1780 faculty members, examining their background and work environments and following their engagement with academic entrepreneurship. We find that individual adoption of the new initiative may be either substantive or symbolic. Our results suggest that individual attributes, while important, are conditioned by the local work environment. In terms of personal attributes, individuals are more likely to participate if they trained at institutions that had accepted the new initiative and been active in technology transfer. In addition, we find that the longer the time that had elapsed since graduate training, the less likely the individual was to actively embrace the new commercialization norm. Considering the localized social environment, we find that when the chair of the department is active in technology transfer other members of the department are also likely to participate, if only for symbolic reasons. We also find that technology transfer behavior is calibrated by the experience of those in the relevant cohort. If an individual can observe others that they identify with engaging in the new initiative, then they are more likely to follow with substantive compliance. Finally, when individuals face dissonance, a situation where their individual training norms are not congruent with the localized social norms in their work environment, they will conform to the local norms, rather than sticking with the norms from their prior experience.
Biomedical Academic Entrepreneurship through the SBIR Program. Working paper, National Bureau of Economic Research
, 2005
"... This paper considers the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program as a policy fostering academic entrepreneurship. We highlight two main characteristics of the program that make it attractive as an entrepreneurship policy: early-stage financing and scientist involvement in commercializ ..."
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Cited by 18 (4 self)
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This paper considers the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program as a policy fostering academic entrepreneurship. We highlight two main characteristics of the program that make it attractive as an entrepreneurship policy: early-stage financing and scientist involvement in commercialization. Using unique data on NIH supported biomedical researchers, we trace the incidence of biomedical entrepreneurship through SBIR and describe some of the characteristics of these individuals. To explore the importance of early-stage financing and scientist involvement, we complement our individual level data with information on scientist-linked and non-linked SBIR firms. Our results show that the SBIR program is being used as a commercialization channel by academic scientists. Moreover, we find that the firms associated with these scientists perform significantly better than other non-linked SBIR firms in terms of follow-on venture capital funding, SBIR program completion, and patenting.
Exploring the relationship between scientist human capital and performance: The case of biomedical academic entrepreneurs
- in the SBIR program. Management Science
"... Die Dis cus si on Pape rs die nen einer mög lichst schnel len Ver brei tung von neue ren For schungs arbei ten des ZEW. Die Bei trä ge lie gen in allei ni ger Ver ant wor tung der Auto ren und stel len nicht not wen di ger wei se die Mei nung des ZEW dar. Dis cus si on Papers are inten ded to make r ..."
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Cited by 15 (2 self)
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Die Dis cus si on Pape rs die nen einer mög lichst schnel len Ver brei tung von neue ren For schungs arbei ten des ZEW. Die Bei trä ge lie gen in allei ni ger Ver ant wor tung der Auto ren und stel len nicht not wen di ger wei se die Mei nung des ZEW dar. Dis cus si on Papers are inten ded to make results of ZEW research prompt ly avai la ble to other eco no mists in order to encou ra ge dis cus si on and sug gesti ons for revi si ons. The aut hors are sole ly respon si ble for the con tents which do not neces sa ri ly repre sent the opi ni on of the ZEW. Download this ZEW Discussion Paper from our ftp server:
Traces of prior art: An analysis of non-patent references found in patent documents
- Scientometrics
, 2006
"... Research in the area of innovation has pointed out the relevance of conceiving innovation as processes in which a multitude of actors and a variety of interactions play a role. Integrative notions like (national) innovations systems, (techno-scientific) networks, or the triple helix metaphor, have b ..."
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Cited by 15 (1 self)
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Research in the area of innovation has pointed out the relevance of conceiving innovation as processes in which a multitude of actors and a variety of interactions play a role. Integrative notions like (national) innovations systems, (techno-scientific) networks, or the triple helix metaphor, have been widely accepted as relevant to grasp the complexities entailed. This development highlights the need for indicators that mirror the dynamics involved. This contribution presents an in-depth examination of the role of “Non-Patent references”, found in patents. After examining the occurrence of these references in the USPTO and EPO patent systems, the precise nature of these references is delineated by means of a systematic content analysis of two samples of non-patent references (n=10.000). Our observations reveal the relevance of ‘non-patent references ’ for developing indicators to depict the proximity of technological and scientific developments. Application areas, limitations and directions for future research are discussed. 2 1.
Buying science and selling science: gender differences in the market for commercial science.
- Industrial and Corporate Change,
, 2007
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Institutional Origin and Resource Endowments to Science-Based Entrepreneurial Firms: A European Exploration, February 2005
"... This paper addresses theoretical and empirical gaps in the relationships between the nature of institutional origin, firm resources and growth in the context of spinning off ventures from public research organisations (PROs). Institutional origin is considered a two dimensional construct consisting ..."
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Cited by 6 (1 self)
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This paper addresses theoretical and empirical gaps in the relationships between the nature of institutional origin, firm resources and growth in the context of spinning off ventures from public research organisations (PROs). Institutional origin is considered a two dimensional construct consisting of the formality of technology transfer and the research specificity of a PRO. In this perspective, these variables are hypothesised to predict the resource endowments of science-based entrepreneurial firms. Additionally, given the widespread attention from academics and policy makers to IP based science-based entrepreneurial firms, the formality of technology transfer is expected to be associated with growth. Empirical tests of hypotheses derived from this view are based on data from 184 science-based entrepreneurial firms, representing 48 public research organisations. Multivariate analysis of variance shows that institutional origin predicts firm resources, showing significance levels for start capital. An ordinal interaction effect shows that companies established with a formal transfer of technology start with
‘The tacit knowledge problem in multinational corporations: a comparative analysis of Japanese and US MNCs ’ transnational learning strategies’
"... This paper argues that MNCs seeking to use overseas R&D for knowledge creation have to deal with two aspects of the tacit knowledge problem: the ‘cognitive ’ and ‘societal’, conceptualised as the ‘two-Polanyi ’ problem. Based on a comparative analysis of the ‘knowledge incubators ’ of US and Jap ..."
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Cited by 2 (1 self)
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This paper argues that MNCs seeking to use overseas R&D for knowledge creation have to deal with two aspects of the tacit knowledge problem: the ‘cognitive ’ and ‘societal’, conceptualised as the ‘two-Polanyi ’ problem. Based on a comparative analysis of the ‘knowledge incubators ’ of US and Japanese MNCs in the UK, the study explores how MNCs characterised by contrasting home-based models of learning and innovation adopt different strategies for dealing with the problem. The analysis shows that the US MNCs tend to adopt the ‘learning region ’ strategy, using the local regional context as the main social space in which extensive network ties are constructed with local scientists to facilitate inter-organisational flows of tacit knowledge. In contrast, the Japanese MNCs adopt the ‘communities of practice’ strategy, focusing on the creation of tight organisational spaces across geographical boundaries to support site-specific learning and intra-organisational tacit knowledge transfer. The study illustrates how these two different strategies unfold in practice and the ways in which home-based models of learning interact with the local context to shape MNCs ’ abilities to harness local tacit knowledge.
The Societal Footprint of Large Research Facilities (working paper 1206). Den Haag: Rathenau Instituut
, 2012
"... Abstract: Large research facilities are among the most expensive items of scientific expenditure. Any decision to invest in the knowledge infrastructure should be based on sound evidence. There is, however, a lack of evidence on the nature and extent of the societal impacts of large research facili ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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Abstract: Large research facilities are among the most expensive items of scientific expenditure. Any decision to invest in the knowledge infrastructure should be based on sound evidence. There is, however, a lack of evidence on the nature and extent of the societal impacts of large research facilities and on the mechanisms that generate such effects. We review the literature to determine whether or not and, if so, through which mechanisms large research facilities produce economic and social impacts. The literature provides no direct, empirical evidence to show that such impacts actually occur around large research facilities. There is insufficient evidence to support the claim that they attract and retain talent and promote innovation. More evidence exists that large research facilities forge new networks and communities. Empirical research on large research facilities and their effects on science, economy and society is sorely needed.
Spin-off Process and the Development of Academic Entrepreneur’s
- Social Capital”, J. Technol. Manag. Innov
, 2013
"... So far, there has been very little in-depth research on how the spin-off process contributes to the development of academic entrepreneurs ’ social capital. In this inductive, exploratory and qualitative study, we examine eight academic entrepreneurship case studies. Based on our findings, we propose ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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So far, there has been very little in-depth research on how the spin-off process contributes to the development of academic entrepreneurs ’ social capital. In this inductive, exploratory and qualitative study, we examine eight academic entrepreneurship case studies. Based on our findings, we propose three mechanisms to explain the contribution of the spin-off process. They are the entrepreneurs ´ affiliation with the university, the entrepreneurs ´ immersion in the university´s network of relationships, and the new venture creation preparation given to the entrepreneurs by the university.
