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The Somatic Marker Hypothesis: A Neural Theory of Economic Decision’,
- Games and Economic Behavior,
, 2005
"... Abstract Modern economic theory ignores the influence of emotions on decision-making. Emerging neuroscience evidence suggests that sound and rational decision making, in fact, depends on prior accurate emotional processing. The somatic marker hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and ..."
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Cited by 203 (11 self)
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Abstract Modern economic theory ignores the influence of emotions on decision-making. Emerging neuroscience evidence suggests that sound and rational decision making, in fact, depends on prior accurate emotional processing. The somatic marker hypothesis provides a systems-level neuroanatomical and cognitive framework for decision-making and its influence by emotion. The key idea of this hypothesis is that decision-making is a process that is influenced by marker signals that arise in bioregulatory processes, including those that express themselves in emotions and feelings. This influence can occur at multiple levels of operation, some of which occur consciously, and some of which occur non-consciously. Here we review studies that confirm various predictions from the hypothesis, and propose a neural model for economic decision, in which emotions are a major factor in the interaction between environmental conditions and human decision processes, with these emotional systems providing valuable implicit or explicit knowledge for making fast and advantageous decisions.
Anatomy of a decision: Striato-orbitofrontal interactions in reinforcement learning, decision making, and reversal
- Psychological Reviews
, 2006
"... The authors explore the division of labor between the basal ganglia–dopamine (BG-DA) system and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in decision making. They show that a primitive neural network model of the BG-DA system slowly learns to make decisions on the basis of the relative probability of rewards b ..."
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Cited by 91 (15 self)
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The authors explore the division of labor between the basal ganglia–dopamine (BG-DA) system and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in decision making. They show that a primitive neural network model of the BG-DA system slowly learns to make decisions on the basis of the relative probability of rewards but is not as sensitive to (a) recency or (b) the value of specific rewards. An augmented model that explores BG-OFC interactions is more successful at estimating the true expected value of decisions and is faster at switching behavior when reinforcement contingencies change. In the augmented model, OFC areas exert top-down control on the BG and premotor areas by representing reinforcement magnitudes in working memory. The model successfully captures patterns of behavior resulting from OFC damage in decision making, reversal learning, and devaluation paradigms and makes additional predictions for the underlying source of these deficits.
Control of response selection by reinforcer value requires interaction of amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex
- Journal of Neuroscience
, 2000
"... Goal-directed actions are guided by expected outcomes of those actions. Humans with bilateral damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex, or the amygdala, are deficient in their ability to use information about positive and negative outcomes to guide their choice behavior. Similarly, rats and monkeys ..."
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Cited by 85 (4 self)
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Goal-directed actions are guided by expected outcomes of those actions. Humans with bilateral damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex, or the amygdala, are deficient in their ability to use information about positive and negative outcomes to guide their choice behavior. Similarly, rats and monkeys with orbital prefrontal or amygdala damage have been found to be impaired in their responses to changing values of outcomes. In the present study, we tested whether direct, functional interaction between the amygdala and the orbital prefrontal cortex is necessary for guiding behavior based on expected outcomes. Unlike control monkeys, rhesus monkeys with surgical disconnection of these two structures, achieved by crossed unilateral lesions of the amygdala in one hemisphere and orbital prefrontal cortex in the other, combined with forebrain commissurotomy, were unable to adjust their choice behavior after a change
Effects of expectations for different reward magnitudes on neuronal activity in primate striatum
- J. Neurophysiol
, 2003
"... You might find this additional info useful... This article cites 84 articles, 31 of which you can access for free at: ..."
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Cited by 72 (5 self)
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You might find this additional info useful... This article cites 84 articles, 31 of which you can access for free at:
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
, 2002
"... In the temporal difference model of primate dopamine neurons, their phasic activity reports a prediction error for future reward. This model is supported by a wealth of experimental data. However, in certain circumstances, the activity of the dopamine cells seems anomalous under the model, as they r ..."
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Cited by 52 (3 self)
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In the temporal difference model of primate dopamine neurons, their phasic activity reports a prediction error for future reward. This model is supported by a wealth of experimental data. However, in certain circumstances, the activity of the dopamine cells seems anomalous under the model, as they respond in particular ways to stimuli that are not obviously related to predictions of reward. In this paper, we address two important sets of anomalies, those having to do with generalization and novelty. Generalization responses are treated as the natural consequence of partial information; novelty responses are treated by the suggestion that dopamine cells multiplex information about reward bonuses, including exploration bonuses and shaping bonuses. We interpret this additional role for dopamine in terms of the mechanistic attentional and psychomotor effects of dopamine, having the computational role of guiding exploration.
Somatic markers and response reversal: Is there orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in boys with psychopathic tendencies
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
, 2001
"... This study investigated the performance of boys with psychopathic tendencies and comparison boys, aged 9 to 17 years, on two tasks believed to be sensitive to amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex func-tioning. Fifty-one boys were divided into two groups according to the Psychopathy Screening Device (PS ..."
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Cited by 33 (1 self)
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This study investigated the performance of boys with psychopathic tendencies and comparison boys, aged 9 to 17 years, on two tasks believed to be sensitive to amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex func-tioning. Fifty-one boys were divided into two groups according to the Psychopathy Screening Device (PSD, P. J. Frick & R. D. Hare, in press) and presented with two tasks. The tasks were the gambling
Prefrontal regions supporting spontaneous and directed application of verbal learning strategies - Evidence from PET
, 2001
"... words and explicitly instructed to notice relationships and mentally group related words together to improve memory. The unrelated list consisted of 24 Keywords: positron emission tomography; episodic memory; semantic organization; prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex Abbreviations: ANOVA # anal ..."
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Cited by 31 (0 self)
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words and explicitly instructed to notice relationships and mentally group related words together to improve memory. The unrelated list consisted of 24 Keywords: positron emission tomography; episodic memory; semantic organization; prefrontal cortex; orbitofrontal cortex Abbreviations: ANOVA # analysis of variance; BA # Brodmann area; CVLT # California Verbal Learning Test; DLPFC # dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; IPFC # inferior prefrontal cortex; OFC # orbitofrontal cortex; rCBF # regional cerebral blood flow; WMS-III # Wechsler Memory Scale-III Introduction Episodic memory refers to the process of encoding, storing and retrieving information associated with a distinct time and place (Tulving, 1983; Schacter and Tulving, 1994; Wheeler et al., 1997). Numerous lines of evidence point to the importance of the prefrontal cortex for episodic memory, especially the strategic processes that are closely tied to Oxford University Press 2001 unrelated words. Behavioural measures include
The effect of lesions of the basolateral amygdala on instrumental conditioning
- J Neurosci
, 2003
"... In three experiments, we assessed the effect of lesions of the amygdala basolateral complex (BLA) on instrumental conditioning in rats. In experiment 1, the lesion had no effect on the acquisition of either lever pressing or chain pulling in food-deprived rats whether these actions earned food pelle ..."
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Cited by 20 (3 self)
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In three experiments, we assessed the effect of lesions of the amygdala basolateral complex (BLA) on instrumental conditioning in rats. In experiment 1, the lesion had no effect on the acquisition of either lever pressing or chain pulling in food-deprived rats whether these actions earned food pellets or a maltodextrin solution. The lesion did attenuate, however, the impact of outcome devaluation, induced by sensory-specific satiety, on instrumental performance both when assessed in extinction and when reward was delivered contingent on instrumental performance. In experiment 2, evidence was found to suggest that the lesioned rats differed from shams in their ability to encode the specific action-outcome contingencies to which they were exposed during training: lesioned rats failed to adjust their performance appropriately when the action-outcome contingency was degraded. These effects were not caused by an inability of BLA lesioned rats to discriminate the two instrumental actions; these rats were similar to shams in their acquisition of a heterogeneous instrumental chain involving lever pressing and chain pulling (experiment 3). In experiment 4, however, lesions of the BLA were found to produce a deficit in the ability of rats to use the specific properties of the instrumental outcomes used in the previous experiments to discriminate rewarded from unrewarded actions in a free operant discrimination situation. Together these results suggest that in instrumental conditioning, the BLA mediates outcome encoding, specifically relating the sensory features of nutritive commodities to the emotional consequences induced by their consumption. Key words: instrumental conditioning; basolateral nucleus; amygdala; reinforcer devaluation; sensory specific-satiety; incentive learning; contingency; reward
Neural interaction between the basal forebrain and functionally distinct prefrontal cortices in the rhesus monkey. Neuroscience 103
, 2001
"... AbstractÐThe prefrontal cortex in rhesus monkeys is a heterogeneous region by structure, connections and function. Caudal medial and orbitofrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions, autonomic function and long-term memory, while lateral prefront ..."
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Cited by 12 (1 self)
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AbstractÐThe prefrontal cortex in rhesus monkeys is a heterogeneous region by structure, connections and function. Caudal medial and orbitofrontal cortices receive input from cortical and subcortical structures associated with emotions, autonomic function and long-term memory, while lateral prefrontal cortices are linked with structures associated with working memory. With the aid of neural tracers we investigated whether functionally distinct orbitofrontal, medial and lateral prefrontal cortices have speci®c or common connections with an ascending modulatory system, the basal forebrain. Ascending projections originated in the diagonal band and the basalis nuclei of the basal forebrain in regions demarcated by choline acetyltransferase. Although the origin of projections from the basal forebrain to lateral, medial and orbitofrontal cortices partially overlapped, projections showed a general topography. The posterior part of the nucleus basalis projected preferentially to lateral prefrontal areas while its rostrally adjacent sectors projected to medial and orbitofrontal cortices. The diagonal band nuclei projected to orbitofrontal and medial prefrontal areas. Cortical and subcortical structures that are interconnected appear to have a similar pattern of connections with the basal forebrain. In comparison to the ascending projections, the descending projections were speci®c, originating mostly in the posterior (limbic) component of medial and orbitofrontal cortices and terminating in the diagonal band nuclei and in the anterior part of the nucleus basalis. In addition, prefrontal limbic areas projected to two other systems of the basal forebrain, the ventral pallidum and the extended amygdala, delineated with the striatal-related markers dopamine, adenosine 3 0:5 0-monophosphate regulated phosphoprotein
Comparison of the effects of bilateral orbital prefrontal cortex lesions and amygdala lesions on emotional responses in rhesus monkeys
- J. Neurosci
, 2005
"... The present study examines the effects of bilateral orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) lesions on monkeys ’ emotional responses in two different contexts: in the presence of a rubber snake and in the presence of a human intruder. For comparison, we also assessed the responses of rhesus monkeys with sel ..."
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The present study examines the effects of bilateral orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) lesions on monkeys ’ emotional responses in two different contexts: in the presence of a rubber snake and in the presence of a human intruder. For comparison, we also assessed the responses of rhesus monkeys with selective amygdala lesions on these same tasks. Monkeys with PFo lesions, like those with amygdala lesions, displayed blunted emotional responses to the fake snake. Unlike monkeys with amygdala lesions, however, monkeys with PFo lesions displayed more mild aggression than controls in the presence of a human intruder. The findings support the idea that the PFo helps integrate sensory signals in the service of choosing among competing responses. In addition, they point to a divergence of the roles of the PFo and amygdala in responding to a social stimulus, the human intruder. Key words: fear; response selection; decision making; aggression; inhibitory control; phobia
