ABSTRACT. The political mobilization of indigenous peoples in the North American North has resulted in new guidelines, statements of ethical principles, and consultative processes for the conduct of scientific research. This article explores the history of large-scale physical science in the North, the development of ethical principles for research conduct in Canada and the United States, and the potential difficulties of bridging the gaps between scientists and indigenous communities.

Anyone who has common-sense will remember that the bewilderments of the eyes are of two kinds, and arise from two causes, either from coming out of the light or from going into the light, which is true of the mind's eye, quite as much as of the bodily eye; and he who remembers this when he sees anyone whose vision is perplexed and weak, will not be too ready to laugh; he will first ask whether that soul of man has come out of the brighter life, and is unable to see because unaccustomed to the dark, or having turned from darkness to the day is dazzled by excess of light. And he will count the one happy in his condition and state of being, and he will pity the other; or, if he have a mind to laugh at the soul which comes from below into the light, there will be more reason in this than in the laugh which greets him who returns from above out of the light into the den.

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Merit in the grade of Officer, by the Governor General of Canada. After retiring from the Canadian Forces, Brigadier-General Cox became the Executive Secretary of the Canadian Association for Security and Intelligence Studies in 2004. From 2005–2011 he was an analyst in the Library of Parliament, assigned to advise a number of House of Commons and Senate committees dealing with international security, national defence and veterans affairs issues. He now teaches Canadian foreign policy at the University of Ottawa and civil-military relations at the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs, at Carleton University. The opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Canadian International Council, its Senate or its Board of Directors, or the views of the Canadian Defence & Foreign Affairs Institute. If you would like to download a copy of this report please visit www.cdfai.org or www.opencanada.org.

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The growth of telecommunication and electronic commerce has led to a growing commercial market for digital encryption technologies. Business need encryption to protect and to establish secure links with their customer.Law enforcement needs it to stop those under investigation from intercepting police communications. Individuals need it to protect their private communication. Such technology is, liable to be misused by individuals. The problem, however, is ensuring that the restriction is legitimate and solely for in the interests of national security, the state not being allowed to interfere and keep a track on individuals ’ activities ” and private lives without sufficient cause. Governmental regulation of cryptographic security techniques endangers personal privacy. Encryption ensures the confidentiality of personal records. In a networked environment, such information is increasingly at risk of being misused. The entire issue, at its simplest level, boils down to a form of balancing of interests. The specific legal and rights-related problems arising from the issue of cryptography and privacy in the Indian context are examined in this paper.

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This paper discusses the challenges and security issues inherent in building complex cross-organizational collaborative projects and software systems within NASA. By applying the design principles of compartmentalization, organizational hierarchy and inter-organizational federation, the Secured Advanced Federated Environment (SAFE) is laying the foundation for a collaborative virtual infrastructure for the NASA community. A key element of SAFE is the Micro Security Domain (MSD) concept, which balances the need to collaborate and the need to enforce enterprise and local security rules. With the SAFE approach, security is an integral component of enterprise software and network design, not an afterthought.