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...ords. Indeed, several studies have proposed that the bilateral posterior STG can construct temporary representations of high probability phonological events (Grasby et al., 1993; Hughes et al., 2001; =-=Winkler, Karmos, & Näätänen, 1996-=-; Wise et al., 2001). The most convincing data come from the study by Hughes et al. These authors repeatedly presented the same CV syllable at regular ISI to epileptic patients, thus creating a high p...

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..., 2008]. The MMN is a negative peak that occurs after an unpredictable change in the acoustic environment. For example it is elicited, when deviant sounds are embedded in a stream of repeated sounds, or standards. In this case, the MMN is the negative component of the waveform obtained by subtracting the response to a standard from the response to a deviant. The MMN peaks at about 100–200 ms from change onset [Sams et al., 1985] and is distributed over fronto-temporal areas. The MMN is thought to reflect the updating of an internal model of the acoustic environment [Sussman and Winkler, 2001; Winkler et al., 1996]. This updating consists of two processes: first, it requires the registration of the change within the acoustic environment (auditory cortex), and second the updating of a model of expected stimuli. This might engage higher level brain structures (e.g., prefrontal cortex). It has been shown that the temporal and frontal MMN sources have distinct behaviors over time [Rinne et al., 2000] and that these sources seem to interact with each other [Jemel et al., 2002]. One use of DCM is to ask how sources interact within this network and, specifically, whether the MMN can be explained by plastic ch...

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... 20% in the study of Novitski et al. [12]. The second explanation derives from the functional role of the neural processes underlying MMN generation. According to one widely accepted interpretation of MMN generation, the so-called trace-presence hypothesis [14], MMN reflects the outcome of a neural mismatch process between the memory trace of the repetitive standard stimuli kept in sensory memory and a neural representation of the incoming deviant stimulus. Thus, in this model, MMN generation depends on the detection of the deviant sound. However, a key study in the field challenged this view [15]. In that study, sequences beginning with six long standard tones (450ms), followed by zero, two, four or six short standard tones (150ms), and ending with a deviant, probe stimulus of 300ms in duration, were presented. The amplitude of the MMN elicited to the probe stimuli was smaller on increasing the amount of short standard tones interspersed between them. Thus, it was suggested that the magnitude of the MMN was not related to the magnitude of the discrepancy between the standard and the deviant stimuli, but to the amount of reorganization necessary for reestablishing a model of the acoust...

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...y the standard stimulus, and the new, deviant, information (Näätänen, 1992; Sams et al, 1993) or processes that update the internal representation when a previously registered regularity is violated (=-=Winkler et al., 1996-=-; Winkler, 2003). In recent literature, which is dominated by the MMN as an electrophysiological correlate of auditory cortical change detection in humans, ‘change detection’ seems to be equated with ...

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...es incorrect predictions. The deletion of chains is a simplification included in the current version of the model; MMN studies showing diminishing MMN amplitudes elicited by successive deviant events =-=[52,53]-=- suggest that incorrect predictions cause regularity representations to be weakened rather than eliminated, and furthermore, even regularity representation violations which no longer elicit the MMN ca...

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...:10.1371/journal.pone.0021458.t001 pattern, a higher-order model of the stimulus train representing the tone pattern will be formed and continuously adjusted and refined (model-adjustment hypothesis, =-=[44]-=-). When this higherorder representation is established, deviants can be detected based an incongruence of the input with this higher-order pattern representation and an according high-level prediction...

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...restrained rats. Citation: Jung F, Stephan KE, Backes H, Moran R, Gramer M, et al. (2013) Mismatch Responses in the Awake Rat: Evidence from Epidural Recordings of Auditory Cortical Fields. PLoS ONE 8=-=(4)-=-: e63203. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063203 Editor: Manuel S. Malmierca, University of Salamanca- Institute for Neuroscience of Castille and Leon and Medical School, Spain Received August 17, 2012; Acc...