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A Taxonomy and Survey of Content Delivery Networks
, 2006
"... Abstract: Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) have evolved to overcome the inherent limitations of the Internet in terms of user perceived Quality of Service (QoS) when accessing Web content. A CDN replicates content from the origin server to cache servers, scattered over the globe, in order to deliver ..."
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Cited by 33 (1 self)
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Abstract: Content Delivery Networks (CDNs) have evolved to overcome the inherent limitations of the Internet in terms of user perceived Quality of Service (QoS) when accessing Web content. A CDN replicates content from the origin server to cache servers, scattered over the globe, in order to deliver content to end-users in a reliable and timely manner from nearby optimal surrogates. Content distribution on the Internet has received considerable research attention. It combines development of high-end computing technologies with highperformance networking infrastructure and distributed replica management techniques. Therefore, our aim is to categorize and analyze the existing CDNs, and to explore the uniqueness, weaknesses, opportunities, and future directions in this field. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive taxonomy with a broad coverage of CDNs in terms of organizational structure, content distribution mechanisms, request redirection techniques, and performance measurement methodologies. We study the existing CDNs in terms of their infrastructure, request-routing mechanisms, content replication techniques, load balancing, and cache management. We also provide an indepth analysis and state-of-the-art survey of CDNs. Finally, we apply the taxonomy to map various CDNs. The mapping of the taxonomy to the CDNs helps in “gap ” analysis in the content networking domain. It also provides a means to identify the present and future development in this field and validates the applicability and
Self-Organizing Network Services with Evolutionary Adaptation
- IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
, 2005
"... Abstract—This paper proposes a novel framework for developing adaptive and scalable network services. In the proposed framework, a network service is implemented as a group of autonomous agents that interact in the network environment. Agents in the proposed framework are autonomous and capable of s ..."
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Cited by 29 (2 self)
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Abstract—This paper proposes a novel framework for developing adaptive and scalable network services. In the proposed framework, a network service is implemented as a group of autonomous agents that interact in the network environment. Agents in the proposed framework are autonomous and capable of simple behaviors (e.g., replication, migration, and death). In this paper, an evolutionary adaptation mechanism is designed using genetic algorithms (GAs) for agents to evolve their behaviors and improve their fitness values (e.g., response time to a service request) to the environment. The proposed framework is evaluated through simulations, and the simulation results demonstrate the ability of autonomous agents to adapt to the network environment. The proposed framework may be suitable for disseminating network services in dynamic and large-scale networks where a large number of data and services need to be replicated, moved, and deleted in a decentralized manner. Index Terms—Adaptive and scalable network services, autonomous agents, evolutionary computation, self-organization, swarm intelligence. I.
A Case for Peering of Content Delivery Networks
- IEEE Distributed Systems Online
, 2006
"... Abstract: The proliferation of Content Delivery Networks (CDN) reveals that existing content networks are owned and operated by individual companies. As a consequence, closed delivery networks are evolved which do not cooperate with other CDNs and in practice, islands of CDNs are formed. Moreover, t ..."
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Cited by 22 (10 self)
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Abstract: The proliferation of Content Delivery Networks (CDN) reveals that existing content networks are owned and operated by individual companies. As a consequence, closed delivery networks are evolved which do not cooperate with other CDNs and in practice, islands of CDNs are formed. Moreover, the logical separation between contents and services in this context results in two content networking domains. But present trends in content networks and content networking capabilities give rise to the interest in interconnecting content networks. Finding ways for distinct content networks to coordinate and cooperate with other content networks is necessary for better overall service. In addition to that, meeting the QoS requirements of users according to the negotiated Service Level Agreements between the user and the content network is a burning issue in this perspective. In this paper, we present an open, scalable and Service-Oriented Architecture based system to assist the creation of open Content and Service Delivery Networks (CSDN). These open CSDNs scale and support sharing of resources through peering with other CSDNs. 1.
Application Level Hand-off Support for Mobile Media Transcoding Sessions
- In Proceedings of ACM NOSSDAV
, 2002
"... Media transcoding can be used to enable mobile devices that have low resolution and low bit-rate capabilities to access content created for stationary, desktop clients with high bandwidth connections. By deploying transcoding servers near the edge of a large network, it becomes possible to support c ..."
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Cited by 13 (3 self)
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Media transcoding can be used to enable mobile devices that have low resolution and low bit-rate capabilities to access content created for stationary, desktop clients with high bandwidth connections. By deploying transcoding servers near the edge of a large network, it becomes possible to support clients with multiple resolutions, while limiting the bandwidth requirements in the core network.
Adaptive and evolvable network services
- in Proc. GECCO
, 2004
"... Abstract. This paper proposes an evolutionary framework where a network service is created from a group of autonomous agents that interact and evolve. Agents in our framework are capable of autonomous actions such as replication, migration, and death. An evolutionary mechanism is designed using gene ..."
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Cited by 11 (2 self)
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Abstract. This paper proposes an evolutionary framework where a network service is created from a group of autonomous agents that interact and evolve. Agents in our framework are capable of autonomous actions such as replication, migration, and death. An evolutionary mechanism is designed using genetic algorithms in order to evolve the agent’s behavior over generations. A simulation study is carried out to demonstrate the ability of the evolutionary mechanism to improve the network service performance (e.g., response time) in a decentralized and self-organized manner. This paper describes the evolutionary mechanism, its design and implementation, and evaluates it through simulations. 1
Na Kika: Secure service execution and composition in an open edge-side computing network
- In Proc. 3rd NSDI
, 2006
"... Making the internet’s edge easily extensible fosters collaboration and innovation on web-based applications, but also raises the problem of how to secure the execution platform. This paper presents Na Kika, an edge-side computing network, that addresses this tension between extensibility and securit ..."
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Cited by 7 (1 self)
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Making the internet’s edge easily extensible fosters collaboration and innovation on web-based applications, but also raises the problem of how to secure the execution platform. This paper presents Na Kika, an edge-side computing network, that addresses this tension between extensibility and security; it safely opens the internet’s edge to all content producers and consumers. First, Na Kika expresses services as scripts, which are selected through predicates on HTTP messages and composed with each other into a pipeline of content processing steps. Second, Na Kika isolates individual scripts from each other and, instead of enforcing inflexible a-priori quotas, limits resource consumption based on overall system congestion. Third, Na Kika expresses security policies through the same predicates as regular application functionality, with the result that policies are as easily extensible as hosted code and that enforcement is an integral aspect of content processing. Additionally, Na Kika leverages a structured overlay network to support cooperative caching and incremental deployment with low administrative overhead. 1
A System Architecture for Managing Mobile Streaming
- Media Services,” Int’l. Workshop on Mobile Distributed Computing (MDC
, 2003
"... A mobile streaming media content delivery network (MSM-CDN) overlay system provides a scalable method for delivering media streams to a large number of clients. With the availability of such a streaming infrastucture, it becomes possible to implement enhanced media services. For example, the wide ra ..."
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Cited by 6 (0 self)
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A mobile streaming media content delivery network (MSM-CDN) overlay system provides a scalable method for delivering media streams to a large number of clients. With the availability of such a streaming infrastucture, it becomes possible to implement enhanced media services. For example, the wide range and variability of network conditions, as well as processing and display capabilities of these devices will effectively require media streams to be adapted in the network. Each streaming session needs to be tailored to these changing environments in a practical and scalable manner. Media transcoding services can be performed by the servers of the MSM-CDN overlay, providing this flexibility. Due to the computational and bandwidth requirements of real-time video transcoding, these services require management of the placement of these tasks on the most appropriate servers, to make best use of the distributed resources available within the network. In this paper, we address the media service assignment problem using the notion of service-location management (SLM). An effective load balancing system requires appropriate resource monitoring. We propose alternate SLM resource monitoring schemes. Using media transcoding as a representative service, we compare the performance of these schemes on an MSM-CDN testbed. We present our conclusions on which of these alternate implementations is both most reliable and most extensible to serve a large numbers of mobile client requests. 1.
Streaming Media Caching with Transcoding-Enabled Proxies
, 2003
"... We propose a transcoding-enabled streaming media caching system (TeC) along with a new set of caching strategies. Our system is designed for efficient delivery of rich media web contents to heterogeneous network environments and client capabilities. The proxies perform transcoding as well as caching ..."
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Cited by 5 (1 self)
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We propose a transcoding-enabled streaming media caching system (TeC) along with a new set of caching strategies. Our system is designed for efficient delivery of rich media web contents to heterogeneous network environments and client capabilities. The proxies perform transcoding as well as caching in our system. This design choice allows content adaptation to be performed at the edges of the networks. Depending on the connection speed and processing capability of an end user, the proxy transcodes the requested (and possibly cached) video into an appropriate format and delivers it to the user. By serving the transcoded video directly from the proxy, we improve the cache performance. Performance evaluation via simulation is presented. Specifically, simulations using both synthesized traces and real traces derived from enterprise media server logs are conducted. Simulation results indicate that by incorporating transcoding capability at the network edges, the traffic to the content origin server is further reduced.
Transcoding-enabled Caching Proxy for Video Delivery in Heterogeneous Network Environments
- Proceedings of Internet and Multimedia Systems and Applications
, 2002
"... We propose a transcoding-enabled caching system (TeC) along with a new set of caching algorithms for video delivery over the Internet. Our system is designed for efficient delivery of rich media web contents to heterogeneous network environments and client capabilities. The proxies perform transcodi ..."
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Cited by 5 (0 self)
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We propose a transcoding-enabled caching system (TeC) along with a new set of caching algorithms for video delivery over the Internet. Our system is designed for efficient delivery of rich media web contents to heterogeneous network environments and client capabilities. The proxies perform transcoding as well as caching in our system. This design choice allows content adaptation to be performed at the edges of the networks. Depending on the connection speed and processing capability of an end user, the proxy transcodes the requested (and possibly cached) video into an appropriate format and delivers it to the user. By serving the transcoded video directly from the proxy, we improve the cache hit ratio. Simulation results indicate that by incorporating transcoding capability at the network edges, the traffic to the content origin server is reduced 20%. KEY WORDS: video transcoding, multimedia caching, mobile multimedia. 1.
Fast Intercept of a Passing Stream for High Performance Filter Appliances
, 2002
"... Stream interception is becoming an important task in Internet appliances. In this paper we discuss a scheme that can facilitate random access into streams and provide serious performance boost to intercepting filter like appliances under various application scenarios. The scheme we discuss is bas ..."
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Cited by 2 (1 self)
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Stream interception is becoming an important task in Internet appliances. In this paper we discuss a scheme that can facilitate random access into streams and provide serious performance boost to intercepting filter like appliances under various application scenarios. The scheme we discuss is based on dynamic stream indexing and can be potentially implemented using IPV6 extension header.
