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Symbolic boolean manipulation with ordered binary decision diagrams (1992)

by R E Bryant
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Compositional Model Checking

by E. M. Clarke, D. E. Long, K. L. Mcmillan , 1999
"... We describe a method for reducing the complexity of temporal logic model checking in systems composed of many parallel processes. The goal is to check properties of the components of a system and then deduce global properties from these local properties. The main difficulty with this type of approac ..."
Abstract - Cited by 3252 (70 self) - Add to MetaCart
We describe a method for reducing the complexity of temporal logic model checking in systems composed of many parallel processes. The goal is to check properties of the components of a system and then deduce global properties from these local properties. The main difficulty with this type of approach is that local properties are often not preserved at the global level. We present a general framework for using additional interface processes to model the environment for a component. These interface processes are typically much simpler than the full environment of the component. By composing a component with its interface processes and then checking properties of this composition, we can guarantee that these properties will be preserved at the global level. We give two example compositional systems based on the logic CTL*.

Multiparty Communication Complexity

by Danny Dolev, Tomás Feder , 1989
"... A given Boolean function has its input distributed among many parties. The aim is to determine which parties to tMk to and what information to exchange with each of them in order to evaluate the function while minimizing the total communication. This paper shows that it is possible to obtain the Boo ..."
Abstract - Cited by 760 (22 self) - Add to MetaCart
A given Boolean function has its input distributed among many parties. The aim is to determine which parties to tMk to and what information to exchange with each of them in order to evaluate the function while minimizing the total communication. This paper shows that it is possible to obtain the Boolean answer deterministically with only a polynomial increase in communication with respect to the information lower bound given by the nondeterministic communication complexity of the function.

Model Checking for Programming Languages using VeriSoft

by Patrice Godefroid - IN PROCEEDINGS OF THE 24TH ACM SYMPOSIUM ON PRINCIPLES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES , 1997
"... Verification by state-space exploration, also often referred to as "model checking", is an effective method for analyzing the correctness of concurrent reactive systems (e.g., communication protocols). Unfortunately, existing model-checking techniques are restricted to the verification of ..."
Abstract - Cited by 446 (15 self) - Add to MetaCart
Verification by state-space exploration, also often referred to as "model checking", is an effective method for analyzing the correctness of concurrent reactive systems (e.g., communication protocols). Unfortunately, existing model-checking techniques are restricted to the verification of properties of models, i.e., abstractions, of concurrent systems. In this paper, we discuss how model checking can be extended to deal directly with "actual" descriptions of concurrent systems, e.g., implementations of communication protocols written in programming languages such as C or C++. We then introduce a new search technique that is suitable for exploring the state spaces of such systems. This algorithm has been implemented in VeriSoft, a tool for systematically exploring the state spaces of systems composed of several concurrent processes executing arbitrary C code. As an example of application, we describe how VeriSoft successfully discovered an error in a 2500-line C program controlling rob...

Reachability Analysis of Pushdown Automata: Application to Model-Checking

by Ahmed Bouajjani, Javier Esparza, Oded Maler , 1997
"... We apply the symbolic analysis principle to pushdown systems. We represent (possibly infinite) sets of configurations of such systems by means of finite-state automata. In order to reason in a uniform way about analysis problems involving both existential and universal path quantification (like mode ..."
Abstract - Cited by 376 (38 self) - Add to MetaCart
We apply the symbolic analysis principle to pushdown systems. We represent (possibly infinite) sets of configurations of such systems by means of finite-state automata. In order to reason in a uniform way about analysis problems involving both existential and universal path quantification (like model-checking for branching-time logics), we consider the more general class of alternating pushdown systems and use alternating finite-state automata as a representation structure for their sets of configurations. We give a simple and natural procedure to compute sets of predecessors for this representation structure. We apply this procedure and the automata-theoretic approach to model-checking to define new model-checking algorithms for pushdown systems and both linear and branching-time properties. From these results we derive upper bounds for several model-checking problems, and we also provide matching lower bounds, using reductions based on some techniques introduced by Walukiewicz.
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...the case of linear hybrid systems, the procedure for calculating the set of predecessors for these structures is not guaranteed to terminate. Finally, notice that symbolic representations (e.g. BDD's =-=[10]-=-) are also used in the nite-state case in order to overcome the state-explosion problem [17]. In this paper we consider pushdown systems,as well as the more general class of alternating pushdown syste...

Petrify: a tool for manipulating concurrent specifications and . . .

by Jordi Cortadella, et al.
"... Petrify is a tool for (1) manipulating concurrent specifications and (2) synthesis and optimization of asynchronous control circuits. Given a Petri Net (PN), a Signal Transition Graph (STG), or a Transition System (TS) 1 it (1) generates another PN or STG which is simpler than the original descripti ..."
Abstract - Cited by 219 (34 self) - Add to MetaCart
Petrify is a tool for (1) manipulating concurrent specifications and (2) synthesis and optimization of asynchronous control circuits. Given a Petri Net (PN), a Signal Transition Graph (STG), or a Transition System (TS) 1 it (1) generates another PN or STG which is simpler than the original description and (2) produces an optimized net-list of an asynchronous controller in the target gate library while preserving the specified input-output behavior. Given a specification petrify provides a designer with a net-list of an asynchronous circuit and a PN-like description of the circuit behavior in terms of events and ordering relations between events. The latter ability of back-annotating to the specification level helps the designer to control the design process. For transforming a specification petrify performs a token flow analysis of the initial PN and produces a transition system (TS). In the initial TS, all transitions with the same label are considered as one event. The TS is then transformed and transitions relabeled to fulfill the conditions required to obtain a safe irredundant PN. For synthesis of an asynchronous implementation petrify performs state assignment by solving the Complete State Coding problem. State assignment is coupled with logic minimization and speed-independent technology mapping to a target library. The final net-list is guaranteed to be speed-independent, i.e., hazard-free under any distribution of gate delays and multiple input changes satisfying the initial specification. The tool has been used for synthesis of PNs and PNs composition [10], synthesis [7, 9, 8] and re-synthesis [29] of asynchronous controllers and can be also applied in areas related with the analysis of concurrent programs. This paper provides an overview of petrify and the theory behind its main functions.

A Knowledge Compilation Map

by Adnan Darwiche, Pierre Marquis - Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research , 2002
"... We propose a perspective on knowledge compilation which calls for analyzing different compilation approaches according to two key dimensions: the succinctness of the target compilation language, and the class of queries and transformations that the language supports in polytime. ..."
Abstract - Cited by 219 (33 self) - Add to MetaCart
We propose a perspective on knowledge compilation which calls for analyzing different compilation approaches according to two key dimensions: the succinctness of the target compilation language, and the class of queries and transformations that the language supports in polytime.
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...cf. Proposition 5.1). If an NNF subset does not satisfy CO it cannot satisfy ME. It is well-known that FBDD satisfies CO, VA and CT, and that OBDD< satisfies (in addition) EQ (Gergov & Meinel, 1994a; =-=Bryant, 1992-=-). Since Σ |= α holds iff Σ ∧ ¬α is inconsistent and since OBDD< satisfies CO, ¬C and ∧BC (cf. Proposition 5.1), OBDD< also satisfies SE. 252 A Knowledge Compilation Map L CO VA CE IM EQ CT SE ME NNF ...

Resolution Theorem Proving

by Leo Bachmair, Harald Ganzinger , 2001
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 177 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
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Data flow analysis for verifying properties of concurrent programs

by Matthew B. Dwyer, Lori A. Clarke, Gleb Naumovich, Jamieson M. Cobleigh - In Proceedings of the Second ACM SIGSOFT Symposium on Foundations of Software Engineering , 1994
"... Classification D.2.4 Software/Program Verification, D.1.3 Concurrent Programming This paper describes FLAVERS, a finite-state verification approach that analyzes whether concurrent systems satisfy user-defined, behavioral properties. FLAVERS automatically creates a compact, event-based model of the ..."
Abstract - Cited by 176 (61 self) - Add to MetaCart
Classification D.2.4 Software/Program Verification, D.1.3 Concurrent Programming This paper describes FLAVERS, a finite-state verification approach that analyzes whether concurrent systems satisfy user-defined, behavioral properties. FLAVERS automatically creates a compact, event-based model of the system that supports efficient data-flow analysis. FLAVERS achieves this efficiency at the cost of precision. Analysts, however, can improve the precision of analysis results by selectively and judiciously incorporating additional semantic information into an analysis. We report on an empirical study of the performance of the FLAVERS/Ada toolset applied to a collection of multitasking Ada systems. This study indicates that sufficient precision for proving system properties can usually be
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... the symbolic model checking approaches [McM93]. These operate by manipulating an encoding of the next-state function using some form of decision diagram, typically an ordered binary decision diagram =-=[Bry92]-=-. Fix-point calculations are performed using this representation to determine the set of states that satisfy a given formula. For certain systems, symbolic encoding can yield reductions in the space a...

Kronos: A model-checking tool for real-time systems,” in Computer Aided Verification, ser.

by M Bozga, C Daws, O Maler, A Olivero, S Tripakis, S Yovine - Lecture Notes in Computer Science, A. Hu , 1998
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 157 (18 self) - Add to MetaCart
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Constructing Conditional Plans by a Theorem-Prover

by Jussi Rintanen - Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research , 1999
"... The research on conditional planning rejects the assumptions that there is no uncertainty or incompleteness of knowledge with respect to the state and changes of the system the plans operate on. Without these assumptions the sequences of operations that achieve the goals depend on the initial sta ..."
Abstract - Cited by 155 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart
The research on conditional planning rejects the assumptions that there is no uncertainty or incompleteness of knowledge with respect to the state and changes of the system the plans operate on. Without these assumptions the sequences of operations that achieve the goals depend on the initial state and the outcomes of nondeterministic changes in the system. This setting raises the questions of how to represent the plans and how to perform plan search. The answers are quite different from those in the simpler classical framework. In this paper, we approach conditional planning from a new viewpoint that is motivated by the use of satisfiability algorithms in classical planning. Translating conditional planning to formulae in the propositional logic is not feasible because of inherent computational limitations. Instead, we translate conditional planning to quantified Boolean formulae. We discuss three formalizations of conditional planning as quantified Boolean formulae, and pr...
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...the number of states, problem instances with big state spaces consume more memory than is likely to be available. To alleviate this problem Cimatti et al. propose the use of binary decision diagrams (=-=Bryant, 1992-=-) for encoding the state-action tables. BDDs are in general not capable of representing exponential size data structures in polynomial space. Smith and Weld (1998) extend Graphplan (Blum & Furst, 1997...

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