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262
Design for Privacy in Ubiquitous Computing Environments
, 1993
"... Current developments in information technology are leading to increasing capture and storage of information about people and their activities. This raises serious issues about the preservation of privacy. In this paper we examine why these issues are particularly important in the introduction of ubi ..."
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Cited by 283 (4 self)
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Current developments in information technology are leading to increasing capture and storage of information about people and their activities. This raises serious issues about the preservation of privacy. In this paper we examine why these issues are particularly important in the introduction of ubiquitous computing technology into the working environment. Certain problems with privacy are closely related to the ways in which the technology attenuates natural mechanisms of feedback and control over information released. We describe a framework for design for privacy in ubiquitous computing environments and conclude with an example of its application. INTRODUCTION Information technology can store, transmit and manipulate vast quantities and varieties of information. Whilst this potential is essential to government, public services, business and individuals, it may also permit or entail unobtrusive access, manipulation and presentation of personal data (Parker et al., 1990; Dunlop & Kl...
Coordination Mechanisms: Towards a Conceptual Foundation of CSCW Systems Design
- Journal of Collaborative Computing
, 1996
"... The paper outlines an approach to CSCW systems design based on the concept of `coordination mechanisms.' The concept of coordination mechanisms has been developed as a generalization of phenomena described in empirical investigations of the use of artifacts for the purpose of coordinating coope ..."
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Cited by 271 (27 self)
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The paper outlines an approach to CSCW systems design based on the concept of `coordination mechanisms.' The concept of coordination mechanisms has been developed as a generalization of phenomena described in empirical investigations of the use of artifacts for the purpose of coordinating cooperative activities in different work domains. On the basis of the evidence of this corpus of empirical studies, the paper outlines a theory of the use of artifacts for coordination purposes in cooperative work settings, derives a set of general requirements for computational coordination mechanisms, and sketches the architecture of Ariadne, a CSCW infrastructure for constructing and running such malleable and linkable computational coordination mechanisms.
A Descriptive Framework of Workspace Awareness for RealTime Groupware
- Computer Supported Cooperative Work
, 2002
"... Abstract. Supporting awareness of others is an idea that holds promise for improving the usability of real-time distributed groupware. However, there is little principled information available about awareness that can be used by groupware designers. In this article, we develop a descriptive theory o ..."
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Cited by 251 (26 self)
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Abstract. Supporting awareness of others is an idea that holds promise for improving the usability of real-time distributed groupware. However, there is little principled information available about awareness that can be used by groupware designers. In this article, we develop a descriptive theory of awareness for the purpose of aiding groupware design, focusing on one kind of group awareness called workspace awareness. We focus on how small groups perform generation and execution tasks in medium-sized shared workspaces – tasks where group members frequently shift between individual and shared activities during the work session. We have built a three-part framework that examines the concept of workspace awareness and that helps designers understand the concept for purposes of designing awareness support in groupware. The framework sets out elements of knowledge that make up workspace awareness, perceptual mechanisms used to maintain awareness, and the ways that people use workspace awareness in collaboration. The framework also organizes previous research on awareness and extends it to provide designers with a vocabulary and a set of ground rules for analysing work situations, for comparing awareness devices, and for explaining evaluation results. The basic structure of the theory can be used to describe other kinds of awareness that are important to the usability of groupware. Key words: awareness, groupware design, groupware usability, real-time distributed groupware, situation awareness, shared workspaces, workspace awareness
Walking away from the desktop computer: distributed collaboration and mobility in a product design team
- Proc. Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW
, 1996
"... A study of a spatially distributed product design team shows that most members are rarely at their individual desks. Mobility is essential for the use of shared resources and for communication. It facilitates informal interactions and awareness unavailable to colleagues at remote sites. Impli-cation ..."
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Cited by 250 (1 self)
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A study of a spatially distributed product design team shows that most members are rarely at their individual desks. Mobility is essential for the use of shared resources and for communication. It facilitates informal interactions and awareness unavailable to colleagues at remote sites. Impli-cations for technology design include portable and distrib-uted computing resources, in particular, moving beyond individual workstation-centric CSCW applications.
Moving out from the control room: Ethnography in system design
- In Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work. (CSCW
, 1994
"... Ethnography has gained considerable prominence as a technique for informing CSCW systems development of the nature of work. Experiences of ethnography reported to date have focused on the use of prolonged on-going ethnography to inform systems design. A considerable number of these studies have take ..."
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Cited by 232 (15 self)
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Ethnography has gained considerable prominence as a technique for informing CSCW systems development of the nature of work. Experiences of ethnography reported to date have focused on the use of prolonged on-going ethnography to inform systems design. A considerable number of these studies have taken place within constrained and focused work domain. This paper reflects more generally on the experiences of using ethnography across a number of different projects and in a variety of domains of study. We identify a number of ways in which we have used ethnography to inform design and consider the benefits and problems of each.
The Intellectual Challenge of CSCW: The Gap Between Social Requirements and Technical Feasibility
- Human-Computer Interaction
, 2000
"... Over the last 10 years, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has identified a base set of findings. These findings are taken almost as assumptions within the field. In summary, they argue that human activity is highly flexible, nuanced, and contextualized and that computational entities such a ..."
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Cited by 225 (12 self)
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Over the last 10 years, Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW) has identified a base set of findings. These findings are taken almost as assumptions within the field. In summary, they argue that human activity is highly flexible, nuanced, and contextualized and that computational entities such as information transfer, roles, and policies need to be similarly flexible, nuanced, and contextualized. However, current systems cannot fully support the social world uncovered by these findings. This paper argues that there is an inherent gap between the social requirements of CSCW and its technical mechanisms. The social-technical gap is the divide between what we know we must support socially and what we can support technically. Exploring, understanding, and hopefully ameliorating this social-technical gap is the central challenge for CSCW as a field and one of the central problems for HCI. Indeed, merely attesting the continued centrality of this gap could be one of the important intellectual contributions of CSCW. This paper also argues that the challenge of the social-technical gap creates an opportunity to refocus CSCW as a Simonian science of the artificial. To be published in Human-Computer Interaction Preprint- Ackerman- Challenge of CSCW 1 1.
Exploratory sequential data analysis: I~Traditions, techniques and tools
- Report of the CHI '92 workshop. SIGCHI ;;~_,Bulletin
, 1993
"... Human-computer interaction (HCI) investigators must consider the sequential nature of interaction and must often weigh behavioral, cognitive, and social factors when studying and designing today's increasingly complex systems. In many cases, laboratory experimentation is inappropriate and forma ..."
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Cited by 133 (0 self)
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Human-computer interaction (HCI) investigators must consider the sequential nature of interaction and must often weigh behavioral, cognitive, and social factors when studying and designing today's increasingly complex systems. In many cases, laboratory experimentation is inappropriate and formal modeling intractable; instead, observational data analysis is frequently the only appropriate empirical approach. Diverse approaches to observational data analysis already exist, which we synthesize as instances of exploratory sequential data analysis (ESDA). In this article, we outline fundamental ESDA characteristics that might help HCI investigators using sequential data make better conceptual and methodological choices. ESDA owes a philosophical debt to exploratory data analysis but focuses on exploring sequential data. Important issues for ESDA are finding an appropriate temporal band for analysis, finding an effective semantics for encoding, and completing an analysis in an acceptable time frame. We survey temporal factors Penelope M. Sanderson is an engineering psychologist who, in her investigations
Designing the Spectator Experience
, 2005
"... Interaction is increasingly a public affair, taking place in our theatres, galleries, museums, exhibitions and on the city streets. This raises a new design challenge for HCI – how should spectators experience a performer’s interaction with a computer? We classify public interfaces (including exampl ..."
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Cited by 118 (10 self)
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Interaction is increasingly a public affair, taking place in our theatres, galleries, museums, exhibitions and on the city streets. This raises a new design challenge for HCI – how should spectators experience a performer’s interaction with a computer? We classify public interfaces (including examples from art, performance and exhibition design) according to the extent to which a performer’s manipulations of an interface and their resulting effects are hidden, partially revealed, fully revealed or even amplified for spectators. Our taxonomy uncovers four broad design strategies: ‘secretive, ’ where manipulations and effects are largely hidden; ‘expressive, ’ where they tend to be revealed enabling the spectator to fully appreciate the performer’s interaction; ‘magical, ’ where effects are revealed but the manipulations that caused them are hidden; and finally ‘suspenseful, ’ where manipulations are apparent but effects are only revealed as the spectator takes their turn. ACM Classification
Technomethodology: Paradoxes and Possibilities
, 1996
"... The design of CSCW systems has often had its roots in ethnomethodological understandings of work and investigations of working settings. Increasingly, we are also seeing these ideas applied to critique and inform HCI design more generally. However, the attempt to design from the basis of ethnomethod ..."
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Cited by 109 (3 self)
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The design of CSCW systems has often had its roots in ethnomethodological understandings of work and investigations of working settings. Increasingly, we are also seeing these ideas applied to critique and inform HCI design more generally. However, the attempt to design from the basis of ethnomethodology is fraught with methodological dangers. In particular, ethnomethodology’s overriding concern with the detail of practice poses some serious problems when attempts are made to design around such understandings. In this paper, we discuss the range and application of ethnomethodological investigations of technology in working settings, describe how ethnomethodologically-affiliated work has approached system design and discuss ways that ethnomethodology can move from design critique to design practice: the advent of technomethodology.
Constructing Common Information Spaces
, 1997
"... This paper investigates an important, yet under-researched topic in CSCW, namely shared, or common, information spaces. We provide some background to work in the area, and then proceed to examine features of such spaces. The work involved in both putting information in common, and in interpreting it ..."
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Cited by 106 (4 self)
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This paper investigates an important, yet under-researched topic in CSCW, namely shared, or common, information spaces. We provide some background to work in the area, and then proceed to examine features of such spaces. The work involved in both putting information in common, and in interpreting it, has often not been sufficiently recognized. Through a number of situations we discuss the influence of particular conditions, and the translations required. We show how, in various ways, it requires added work to place items in common, and open up the question of how this might affect use of the WWW, often seen as the ultimate common information space. 1. Introduction One of the distinguishing features of the CSCW field is its persistent attempts to come to terms with the sociality of work, with a view to better understanding the nature of cooperative work as a basis for designing genuinely "supportive" computer-based information systems. In its attempts to achieve this goa
