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...]. Even more recently, Gajos et al. reported on a preliminary user study comparing two adaptive interfaces for a (software) graphing calculator interface to their corresponding non-adaptive baselines =-=[3]-=-. In their Split interface, most of the calculator’s functionality was placed in a two-level menu and the frequently used groups of functions were dynamically duplicated to a specially designated part...

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...ser query by optimizing a cost function which offsets content quality with quantity and other factors. There are many other examples [21, 16, 18, 25, 3, 10, 11], but as a final case our SUPPLE system =-=[13, 12]-=- uses optimization to generate concrete user 1 interfaces from declarative specifications of a user interface, the target device and the user model. While decision-theoretic optimization provides a po...

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...projector with selectable inputs, a motorized screen and a ventilation system; see [8]-Figure 2) and a stereo controller application (with master volume control, CD player, tape deck and a tuner; see =-=[7]-=--Figure 2). These applications were unrelated to those used in the next phase of this experiment. During the example critiquing phase, the participants were shown what interfaces SUPPLE would generate...

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...this area has largely been done on desktop displays. One exception is SUPPLE, which automatically adapts interfaces based on device constraints and usage, but evaluations have been small and informal =-=[12]-=-. In other work, Bridle and McCreath compared a static mobile phone menu structure to six approaches that adaptively predicted a single shortcut item [3]. Simulation on logged user data suggested that...

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...the impact of customization suggestions on performance. Finally, SUPPLE, a fully-fledged adaptive interface, does include a customization facility that allows users to override the adaptive decisions =-=[10]-=-, but it appears to be preliminary given the small amount of detail provided on its implementation. To the best of our knowledge, none of the above systems provide the user with the system’s rationale...

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...ly used items to the top of the menu for easier access [14]. Graphical techniques, on the other hand, reduce visual search time, for example, through changing the background colour of predicted items =-=[7,8,18]-=-. Some techniques use a combination of both spatial and graphical elements [18,19]. As an alternative to spatial and graphical adaptation, we propose the use of a temporal dimension and introduce Perm...

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...ser’s preferences, the suppliers preferencessand quality of service preferences.sThe task of making a choice is then an effort tosmaximise this utility function.sThis approach is also found in Supple =-=[9]-=- whichsperforms user interface adaptation according to a utility rule based on pre-assignedsweights for screen components.sRule based reasoning can be used to select appropriate interaction techniques...

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...mmarizes the SUPPLE project’s six years of work analyzing the characteristics of successful adaptive interfaces and developing efficient algorithms for their automatic generation (Gajos & Weld, 2004; =-=Gajos et al., 2005-=-; Gajos & Weld, 2005; Gajos et al., 2006; Gajos, Wobbrock, & Weld, 2007; Gajos et al., 2008; Gajos, Wobbrock, & Weld, 2008). We conclude that personalized user interfaces, which are adapted to a perso...

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...are two main possibilities for this purpose: either to include the authors’ hints or to specify an abstract description, which is then refined according to the target platform (see for example SUPPLE =-=[8]-=-). • Automatic re-authoring, which means an automatic transformation of a version for a given platform, usually the desktop, into a version for the target platform. Our work falls into the last catego...