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...ategy and human resource strategy (e.g., Schuler & Jackson, 1987; Wils & Dyer, 1984). Some of these studies, both quantitative and qualitative, are often particularly rich and thus useful as grounds (=-=Glaser & Strauss, 1967-=-) for theory building (e.g.. Dyer & Holder, 1989; Miller, 1987; Miller & Friesen, 1984). In and of themselves, however, they clearly fall in Hempel's (1965) realm of description, not theory. Other des...

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...l, the particularistic, and the specific. While it is often used to generalize, it is most often used4 to gain a type of particularized understanding that has come to be termed “grounded knowledge” (=-=Glaser and Strauss 1967-=-). The rich qualitative content of ethnography’s findings as well as the open-endedness that makes it adaptable to a variety of circumstances has led to its popularity as a method. This flexibility ha...

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...journals in their domain. Each was either oft-cited by others or had a unique trust definition. The search was stopped when conceptual saturation was reached, that is, when no new definitions emerged =-=[26]-=-. An analysis of these definitions showed that they fell into two broad groupings. Many of them could be categorized into different conceptual types, such as attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, and disposi...

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...l research on coping style draws on standardized measures, such as those cited above. Many are ad hoc procedures using in-depth clinical interviews (20-22). Still others have employed Grounded Theory =-=(23)-=-, which does not employ interpretive criteria in advance but generates models and hypotheses about what is happening from spoken or written products (e.g., Ref. 24). Coping as Process In the late 1970...

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...998), we created counter-stories from (a) the data gathered from the research process itself, (b) the existing literature on the topic(s), (c) our own professional experiences, and (d) our own personal experiences. For example, in one counter-story we created, the first form of data came from primary sources, namely, focus groups and individual interviews we conducted with Chicana and Chicano undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty (see Solórzano & Yosso, 2001). We searched and sifted through these data for examples of the concepts we were seeking to illuminate (Glaser & Strauss, 1967). We used the critical lenses of race, gender, and class and the experiences of Chicana and Chicano undergraduate and graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty to examine the concepts of self-doubt, survivor guilt, impostor syndrome, and invisibility. Next, we looked to other sources for secondary data analysis related to these concepts in the social sciences, humanities, and legal literature. For the article previously mentioned, we decided to focus on a specific set of manuscripts we had recently read on the theme of women of color and resistance in the academy (see Solórzano & Yo...

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...conducted according to positive principles, becomes grounded theory, which brackets involvement as bias and concentrates on deriving decontextualized generalizations from systematic analysis of data (=-=Glaser and Strauss 1967-=-; Strauss 1987; Becker 1958; Becker et al. 1961; Gans 1968). Here theory is the result and not the precondition of research. Social scientists are outsiders and ethnographers are outsiders within, str...

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...nsthe existing literature. By providing detailed explanations that survey meth-sods miss, case studies offer the prospect of new insights into the connectionssamong these variables (Eisenhardt, 1989; =-=Glaser & Strauss, 1967-=-; Yin, 1989).sSecond, we sought to improve on existing models by accounting for thesdynamic aspects of joint ventures, a topic largely ignored in research to dates(Parkhe, 1993a). By tracing the evolu...