Results 1 - 10
of
411
Beyond the hedonic treadmill: Revising the adaptation theory of well-being.
- American Psychologist,
, 2006
"... ..."
(Show Context)
Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation: Personality processes, individual differences, and lifespan development
- Journal of Personality
, 2004
"... ABSTRACT Individuals regulate their emotions in a wide variety of ways. Are some forms of emotion regulation healthier than others? We focus on two commonly used emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal (changing the way one thinks about a potentially emotion-eliciting event) and suppression (chan ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 132 (19 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
ABSTRACT Individuals regulate their emotions in a wide variety of ways. Are some forms of emotion regulation healthier than others? We focus on two commonly used emotion regulation strategies: reappraisal (changing the way one thinks about a potentially emotion-eliciting event) and suppression (changing the way one responds behaviorally to an emotion-eliciting event). In the first section, we review experimental findings showing that reappraisal has a healthier profile of short-term affective, cognitive, and social consequences than suppression. In the second section, we review individual-difference findings, which show that using reappraisal to regulate emotions is associated with healthier patterns of affect, social functioning, and well-being than is using suppression. In the third section, we consider issues in the development of reappraisal and suppression and provide new evidence for a normative shift toward an increasingly healthy emotion regulation profile during adulthood (i.e., increases in the use of reappraisal and decreases in the use of suppression). In the extensive literature on emotion, two rather different perspectives have emerged. Are emotions irrational forces that unleash Preparation of this article was supported by Grants MH43948 and MH58147 from the
The neural substrate of human empathy: effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal
- J Cogn Neurosci
"... & Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self–other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experi-ment, behavioral measures and event-related f ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 129 (9 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
& Whether observation of distress in others leads to empathic concern and altruistic motivation, or to personal distress and egoistic motivation, seems to depend upon the capacity for self–other differentiation and cognitive appraisal. In this experi-ment, behavioral measures and event-related functional mag-netic resonance imaging were used to investigate the effects of perspective-taking and cognitive appraisal while participants observed the facial expression of pain resulting from medical treatment. Video clips showing the faces of patients were pre-sented either with the instruction to imagine the feelings of the patient (‘‘imagine other’’) or to imagine oneself to be in the patient’s situation (‘‘imagine self’’). Cognitive appraisal was manipulated by providing information that the medical treat-ment had or had not been successful. Behavioral measures demonstrated that perspective-taking and treatment effective-ness instructions affected participants ’ affective responses to the observed pain. Hemodynamic changes were detected in the insular cortices, anterior medial cingulate cortex (aMCC), amygdala, and in visual areas including the fusiform gyrus. Graded responses related to the perspective-taking instructions were observed in middle insula, aMCC, medial and lateral pre-motor areas, and selectively in left and right parietal cortices. Treatment effectiveness resulted in signal changes in the peri-genual anterior cingulate cortex, in the ventromedial orbito-frontal cortex, in the right lateral middle frontal gyrus, and in the cerebellum. These findings support the view that humans’ responses to the pain of others can be modulated by cognitive and motivational processes, which influence whether observ-ing a conspecific in need of help will result in empathic con-cern, an important instigator for helping behavior. &
Toward a new generation of cross-cultural research
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
, 2007
"... ABSTRACT—In this article, we describe how cross-cultural research methodologies have evolved, with each phase of research addressing limitations of a previous one. We de-scribe briefly the three previous phases and argue for embarking on a fourth phase that empirically establishes linkages between t ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 40 (8 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
ABSTRACT—In this article, we describe how cross-cultural research methodologies have evolved, with each phase of research addressing limitations of a previous one. We de-scribe briefly the three previous phases and argue for embarking on a fourth phase that empirically establishes linkages between the active cultural ingredients hypoth-esized to cause between-country differences and the observed differences themselves. We discuss theoretical considerations and possible empirical methods to establish such linkages, and urge researchers to seriously consider incorporating these kinds of linkage studies in their pro-grams of research. Cross-cultural psychological research has evolved over the years, moving from documenting cultural differences to identi-fying meaningful and relevant dimensions of cultural variability, and then to using those dimensions in creating elegant theo-retical models that predict and explain the documented differ-ences. Undoubtedly, this research has put culture on the map of psychology. Culture is now widely recognized as an important, if not crucial, variable to be integrated in theory and research on all aspects of human behavior. In this article, we describe how cross-cultural research methodologies have evolved over time, each phase of inquiry addressing limitations of a previous one. In particular, we de-scribe the three previous phases of cross-cultural research methods and argue for embarking on a fourth phase, one that empirically links the active cultural ingredients hypothesized to cause differences with the observed differences themselves. We discuss theoretical considerations and possible empirical methods to establish such linkages; we do so not to provide definitive solutions to the limitations in existing research, but rather to spur continued thinking about the importance of es-tablishing linkage and the methods for doing so. We begin with a description of what we consider the first three phases of cross-cultural research.
Emotion regulation and culture: Are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific
- Emotion
, 2007
"... Emotional suppression has been associated with generally negative social consequences (Butler et al., 2003; Gross & John, 2003). A cultural perspective suggests, however, that these consequences may be moderated by cultural values. We tested this hypothesis in a two-part study, and found that, f ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 39 (4 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Emotional suppression has been associated with generally negative social consequences (Butler et al., 2003; Gross & John, 2003). A cultural perspective suggests, however, that these consequences may be moderated by cultural values. We tested this hypothesis in a two-part study, and found that, for Americans holding Western-European values, habitual suppression was associated with self-protective goals and negative emotion. In addition, experimentally elicited suppression resulted in reduced inter-personal responsiveness during face-to-face interaction, along with negative partner-perceptions and hostile behavior. These deleterious effects were reduced when individuals with more Asian values suppressed, and these reductions were mediated by cultural differences in the responsiveness of the suppressors. These findings suggest that many of suppression’s negative social impacts may be moder-ated by cultural values.
Automatic emotion regulation
- Social and Personality Psychology Compass
, 2007
"... How do people effectively regulate their emotional reactions? Why are some people better at this than others? Most prior research has addressed these questions by focusing on deliberate forms of emotion regulation. We argue that this focus has left out an important aspect of emotion regulation, name ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 38 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
How do people effectively regulate their emotional reactions? Why are some people better at this than others? Most prior research has addressed these questions by focusing on deliberate forms of emotion regulation. We argue that this focus has left out an important aspect of emotion regulation, namely automatic emotion regulation (AER). Our review of the behavioral literature suggests that AER is pervasive in everyday life, and has far-reaching consequences for individuals ’ emotions. However, the behavioral literature has yet to address the mechanisms underlying the observed effects. Because it is difficult to directly measure the processes involved in AER, evidence from neuroscientific studies is particularly helpful in addressing these questions. Our review of the neuroscientific literature suggests distinct neural bases for different types of AER, which provides important clues about the cognitive and behavioral processes that might be involved in AER.
Acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in anxiety and mood disorders.
- Emotion,
, 2006
"... The present study investigated perceived acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in participants with anxiety and mood disorders. Sixty participants with these disorders and 30 control participants watched an emotion-provoking film and completed self-report measures of their experience an ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 36 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
The present study investigated perceived acceptability and suppression of negative emotion in participants with anxiety and mood disorders. Sixty participants with these disorders and 30 control participants watched an emotion-provoking film and completed self-report measures of their experience and regulation of emotions. The film elicited similar increases in negative emotion for clinical and nonclinical participants; however, clinical participants judged their resulting emotions as less acceptable and suppressed their emotions to a greater extent. The higher level of suppression in the clinical group was attributable to females in the clinical group suppressing their emotions more than females in the nonclinical group. For all participants, high levels of suppression were associated with increased negative emotion during the film and during a postfilm recovery period. Further analyses showed that appraising emotions as unacceptable mediated the relationship between negative emotion intensity and use of suppression in the clinical group. This study extends the literature on emotion regulation to a clinical sample and suggests that judging emotions as unacceptable and suppressing emotions may be important aspects of the phenomenology of emotional disorders.
Culture and self-concept stability: Consistency across and within contexts among Asian Americans and European Americans
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2007
"... Whereas prior cultural research has focused on consistency of self-descriptions across contexts, the current 4 studies examined cultural differences in consistency of multiple self-dimensions and did so both across and within different contexts. Supporting predictions, Study 1a found that Asian Amer ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 27 (2 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Whereas prior cultural research has focused on consistency of self-descriptions across contexts, the current 4 studies examined cultural differences in consistency of multiple self-dimensions and did so both across and within different contexts. Supporting predictions, Study 1a found that Asian Americans were less consistent in their self-descriptions across relationship contexts than were European Americans. Yet Study 1b, a short-term longitudinal study, found that Asian Americans ’ self-descriptions nonetheless showed high consistency within these contexts over time. Together, these findings suggest that for Asian Americans self-concept stability derives from defining the self in “if–then ” terms, that is, as variable across relationship contexts but stable within them. In Studies 2a and 2b, parallel consistency effects emerged for 2 core motivational facets of the self-concept: self-view importance and self-enhancement. Moreover, dialectical beliefs mediated the cultural difference in consistency across contexts. Overall, the results demonstrate both the robustness and the boundaries of cultural differences in self-concept consistency as well as the importance of examining multiple forms of stability in the self-concept. Implications for authenticity and well-being are discussed.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, emotion, and emotion regulation during social interaction
- Psychophysiology
, 2006
"... Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) figures prominently in emotional responding, but its exact role remains unclear. The present study tests two hypotheses: (1) Between-person differences in resting RSA are related to emotional reactivity, and (2) within-person changes inRSA are related to regulatory ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 27 (0 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) figures prominently in emotional responding, but its exact role remains unclear. The present study tests two hypotheses: (1) Between-person differences in resting RSA are related to emotional reactivity, and (2) within-person changes inRSA are related to regulatory efforts. Pairs ofwomenwatched an upsetting filmand discussed it. Onewoman in each of the experimental dyadswas asked to either suppress or to reappraise during the conversation. Their partners and both members of the control dyads conversed naturally. Between-person dif-ferences in resting RSA were assessed with paced breathing, and within-person changes in RSA were calculated from baseline to the conversation accounting for respiration. Women with higher resting RSA experienced and expressed more negative emotion, and women who attempted to regulate their emotions either by suppressing or reappraising showed larger increases in RSA than controls. Descriptors: Respiratory sinus arrhythmia, Emotion regulation, Social interaction Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) refers to the periodic fluc-tuations in heart rate that are linked to breathing. RSA is de-termined largely by vagal influences on the heart, and as such provides a noninvasive index of parasympathetic activity (for other factors influencing RSA and issues regarding its interpre-
The social costs of emotional suppression: A prospective study of the transition to college
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2009
"... There is growing interest in understanding how emotion regulation affects adaptation. The present study examined expressive suppression (which involves inhibiting the overt expression of emotion) and how it affects a critical domain of adaptation, social functioning. This investigation focused on th ..."
Abstract
-
Cited by 26 (6 self)
- Add to MetaCart
(Show Context)
There is growing interest in understanding how emotion regulation affects adaptation. The present study examined expressive suppression (which involves inhibiting the overt expression of emotion) and how it affects a critical domain of adaptation, social functioning. This investigation focused on the transition to college, a time that presents a variety of emotional and social challenges. Analyses focused on 2 components of suppression: a stable component, representing individual differences expressed both before and after the transition, and a dynamic component, representing variance specific to the new college context. Both components of suppression predicted lower social support, less closeness to others, and lower social satisfaction. These findings were robustly corroborated across weekly experience reports, self-reports, and peer reports and are consistent with a theoretical framework that defines emotion regulation as a dynamic process shaped by both stable person factors and environmental demands.
