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492
From Sparse Solutions of Systems of Equations to Sparse Modeling of Signals and Images
, 2007
"... A full-rank matrix A ∈ IR n×m with n < m generates an underdetermined system of linear equations Ax = b having infinitely many solutions. Suppose we seek the sparsest solution, i.e., the one with the fewest nonzero entries: can it ever be unique? If so, when? As optimization of sparsity is combin ..."
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Cited by 423 (37 self)
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A full-rank matrix A ∈ IR n×m with n < m generates an underdetermined system of linear equations Ax = b having infinitely many solutions. Suppose we seek the sparsest solution, i.e., the one with the fewest nonzero entries: can it ever be unique? If so, when? As optimization of sparsity is combinatorial in nature, are there efficient methods for finding the sparsest solution? These questions have been answered positively and constructively in recent years, exposing a wide variety of surprising phenomena; in particular, the existence of easily-verifiable conditions under which optimally-sparse solutions can be found by concrete, effective computational methods. Such theoretical results inspire a bold perspective on some important practical problems in signal and image processing. Several well-known signal and image processing problems can be cast as demanding solutions of undetermined systems of equations. Such problems have previously seemed, to many, intractable. There is considerable evidence that these problems often have sparse solutions. Hence, advances in finding sparse solutions to underdetermined systems energizes research on such signal and image processing problems – to striking effect. In this paper we review the theoretical results on sparse solutions of linear systems, empirical
Online learning for matrix factorization and sparse coding
, 2010
"... Sparse coding—that is, modelling data vectors as sparse linear combinations of basis elements—is widely used in machine learning, neuroscience, signal processing, and statistics. This paper focuses on the large-scale matrix factorization problem that consists of learning the basis set in order to ad ..."
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Cited by 317 (31 self)
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Sparse coding—that is, modelling data vectors as sparse linear combinations of basis elements—is widely used in machine learning, neuroscience, signal processing, and statistics. This paper focuses on the large-scale matrix factorization problem that consists of learning the basis set in order to adapt it to specific data. Variations of this problem include dictionary learning in signal processing, non-negative matrix factorization and sparse principal component analysis. In this paper, we propose to address these tasks with a new online optimization algorithm, based on stochastic approximations, which scales up gracefully to large data sets with millions of training samples, and extends naturally to various matrix factorization formulations, making it suitable for a wide range of learning problems. A proof of convergence is presented, along with experiments with natural images and genomic data demonstrating that it leads to state-of-the-art performance in terms of speed and optimization for both small and large data sets.
Self-taught learning: Transfer learning from unlabeled data
- Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International Conference on Machine Learning
, 2007
"... We present a new machine learning framework called “self-taught learning ” for using unlabeled data in supervised classification tasks. We do not assume that the unlabeled data follows the same class labels or generative distribution as the labeled data. Thus, we would like to use a large number of ..."
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Cited by 295 (20 self)
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We present a new machine learning framework called “self-taught learning ” for using unlabeled data in supervised classification tasks. We do not assume that the unlabeled data follows the same class labels or generative distribution as the labeled data. Thus, we would like to use a large number of unlabeled images (or audio samples, or text documents) randomly downloaded from the Internet to improve performance on a given image (or audio, or text) classification task. Such unlabeled data is significantly easier to obtain than in typical semi-supervised or transfer learning settings, making selftaught learning widely applicable to many practical learning problems. We describe an approach to self-taught learning that uses sparse coding to construct higher-level features using the unlabeled data. These features form a succinct input representation and significantly improve classification performance. When using an SVM for classification, we further show how a Fisher kernel can be learned for this representation. 1.
Algorithms and applications for approximate nonnegative matrix factorization
- Computational Statistics and Data Analysis
, 2006
"... In this paper we discuss the development and use of low-rank approximate nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms for feature extraction and identification in the fields of text mining and spectral data analysis. The evolution and convergence properties of hybrid methods based on both spars ..."
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Cited by 199 (7 self)
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In this paper we discuss the development and use of low-rank approximate nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) algorithms for feature extraction and identification in the fields of text mining and spectral data analysis. The evolution and convergence properties of hybrid methods based on both sparsity and smoothness constraints for the resulting nonnegative matrix factors are discussed. The interpretability of NMF outputs in specific contexts are provided along with opportunities for future work in the modification of NMF algorithms for large-scale and time-varying datasets. Key words: nonnegative matrix factorization, text mining, spectral data analysis, email surveillance, conjugate gradient, constrained least squares.
Monaural sound source separation by nonnegative matrix factorization with temporal continuity and sparseness criteria
- IEEE Trans. On Audio, Speech and Lang. Processing
, 2007
"... Abstract—An unsupervised learning algorithm for the separation of sound sources in one-channel music signals is presented. The algorithm is based on factorizing the magnitude spectrogram of an input signal into a sum of components, each of which has a fixed magnitude spectrum and a time-varying gain ..."
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Cited by 185 (30 self)
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Abstract—An unsupervised learning algorithm for the separation of sound sources in one-channel music signals is presented. The algorithm is based on factorizing the magnitude spectrogram of an input signal into a sum of components, each of which has a fixed magnitude spectrum and a time-varying gain. Each sound source, in turn, is modeled as a sum of one or more components. The parameters of the components are estimated by minimizing the reconstruction error between the input spectrogram and the model, while restricting the component spectrograms to be nonnegative and favoring components whose gains are slowly varying and sparse. Temporal continuity is favored by using a cost term which is the sum of squared differences between the gains in adjacent frames, and sparseness is favored by penalizing nonzero gains. The proposed iterative estimation algorithm is initialized with random values, and the gains and the spectra are then alternatively updated using multiplicative update rules until the values converge. Simulation experiments were carried out using generated mixtures of pitched musical instrument samples and drum sounds. The performance of the proposed method was compared with independent subspace analysis and basic nonnegative matrix factorization, which are based on the same linear model. According to these simulations, the proposed method enables a better separation quality than the previous algorithms. Especially, the temporal continuity criterion improved the detection of pitched musical sounds. The sparseness criterion did not produce significant improvements. Index Terms—Acoustic signal analysis, audio source separation, blind source separation, music, nonnegative matrix factorization, sparse coding, unsupervised learning. I.
Orthogonal nonnegative matrix tri-factorizations for clustering
- In SIGKDD
, 2006
"... Currently, most research on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) focus on 2-factor X = FG T factorization. We provide a systematic analysis of 3-factor X = FSG T NMF. While unconstrained 3-factor NMF is equivalent to unconstrained 2-factor NMF, constrained 3factor NMF brings new features to constr ..."
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Cited by 114 (22 self)
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Currently, most research on nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) focus on 2-factor X = FG T factorization. We provide a systematic analysis of 3-factor X = FSG T NMF. While unconstrained 3-factor NMF is equivalent to unconstrained 2-factor NMF, constrained 3factor NMF brings new features to constrained 2-factor NMF. We study the orthogonality constraint because it leads to rigorous clustering interpretation. We provide new rules for updating F,S,G and prove the convergence of these algorithms. Experiments on 5 datasets and a real world case study are performed to show the capability of bi-orthogonal 3-factor NMF on simultaneously clustering rows and columns of the input data matrix. We provide a new approach of evaluating the quality of clustering on words using class aggregate distribution and multi-peak distribution. We also provide an overview of various NMF extensions and examine their relationships.
Convex and Semi-Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations
, 2008
"... We present several new variations on the theme of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Considering factorizations of the form X = F GT, we focus on algorithms in which G is restricted to contain nonnegative entries, but allow the data matrix X to have mixed signs, thus extending the applicable ra ..."
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Cited by 109 (9 self)
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We present several new variations on the theme of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF). Considering factorizations of the form X = F GT, we focus on algorithms in which G is restricted to contain nonnegative entries, but allow the data matrix X to have mixed signs, thus extending the applicable range of NMF methods. We also consider algorithms in which the basis vectors of F are constrained to be convex combinations of the data points. This is used for a kernel extension of NMF. We provide algorithms for computing these new factorizations and we provide supporting theoretical analysis. We also analyze the relationships between our algorithms and clustering algorithms, and consider the implications for sparseness of solutions. Finally, we present experimental results that explore the properties of these new methods.
H: Sparse non-negative matrix factorizations via alternating non-negativity-constrained least squares for microarray data analysis
- Bioinformatics
"... Many practical pattern recognition problems require non-negativity constraints. For example, pixels in digital images and chemical concentrations in bioinformat-ics are non-negative. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a useful tech-nique in approximating these high dimensional data. Sparse N ..."
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Cited by 93 (11 self)
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Many practical pattern recognition problems require non-negativity constraints. For example, pixels in digital images and chemical concentrations in bioinformat-ics are non-negative. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a useful tech-nique in approximating these high dimensional data. Sparse NMFs are also useful when we need to control the degree of sparseness in non-negative basis vectors or non-negative lower-dimensional representations. In this paper, we introduce novel sparse NMFs via alternating non-negativity-constrained least squares. We applied one of the proposed sparse NMFs to cancer class discovery and gene ex-pression data analysis. Our experimental results illustrate that our proposed method achieves better clustering performance than NMF based on multiplicative update rules and sparse NMFs based on the gradient descent method. 1
Graph regularized non-negative matrix factorization for data representation
- IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND MACHINE INTELLIGENCE
, 2011
"... Matrix factorization techniques have been frequently applied in information retrieval, computer vision, and pattern recognition. Among them, Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) has received considerable attention due to its psychological and physiological interpretation of naturally occurring dat ..."
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Cited by 87 (4 self)
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Matrix factorization techniques have been frequently applied in information retrieval, computer vision, and pattern recognition. Among them, Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) has received considerable attention due to its psychological and physiological interpretation of naturally occurring data whose representation may be parts based in the human brain. On the other hand, from the geometric perspective, the data is usually sampled from a low-dimensional manifold embedded in a high-dimensional ambient space. One then hopes to find a compact representation,which uncovers the hidden semantics and simultaneously respects the intrinsic geometric structure. In this paper, we propose a novel algorithm, called Graph Regularized Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (GNMF), for this purpose. In GNMF, an affinity graph is constructed to encode the geometrical information and we seek a matrix factorization, which respects the graph structure. Our empirical study shows encouraging results of the proposed algorithm in comparison to the state-of-the-art algorithms on real-world problems.
Csiszár’s divergences for non-negative matrix factorization: Family of new algorithms
- LNCS
, 2006
"... In this paper we discus a wide class of loss (cost) functions for non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and derive several novel algorithms with improved efficiency and robustness to noise and outliers. We review several approaches which allow us to obtain generalized forms of multiplicative NMF a ..."
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Cited by 77 (20 self)
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In this paper we discus a wide class of loss (cost) functions for non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) and derive several novel algorithms with improved efficiency and robustness to noise and outliers. We review several approaches which allow us to obtain generalized forms of multiplicative NMF algorithms and unify some existing algorithms. We give also the flexible and relaxed form of the NMF algorithms to increase convergence speed and impose some desired constraints such as sparsity and smoothness of components. Moreover, the effects of various regularization terms and constraints are clearly shown. The scope of these results is vast since the proposed generalized divergence functions include quite large number of useful loss functions such as the squared Euclidean distance,Kulback-Leibler divergence, Itakura-Saito, Hellinger, Pearson’s chi-square, and Neyman’s chi-square distances, etc. We have applied successfully the developed algorithms to blind (or semi blind) source separation (BSS) where sources can be generally statistically dependent, however they satisfy some other conditions or additional constraints such as nonnegativity, sparsity and/or smoothness.
