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Compressed sensing

by Yaakov Tsaig, David L. Donoho , 2004
"... We study the notion of Compressed Sensing (CS) as put forward in [14] and related work [20, 3, 4]. The basic idea behind CS is that a signal or image, unknown but supposed to be compressible by a known transform, (eg. wavelet or Fourier), can be subjected to fewer measurements than the nominal numbe ..."
Abstract - Cited by 3625 (22 self) - Add to MetaCart
We study the notion of Compressed Sensing (CS) as put forward in [14] and related work [20, 3, 4]. The basic idea behind CS is that a signal or image, unknown but supposed to be compressible by a known transform, (eg. wavelet or Fourier), can be subjected to fewer measurements than the nominal number of pixels, and yet be accurately reconstructed. The samples are nonadaptive and measure ‘random’ linear combinations of the transform coefficients. Approximate reconstruction is obtained by solving for the transform coefficients consistent with measured data and having the smallest possible `1 norm. We perform a series of numerical experiments which validate in general terms the basic idea proposed in [14, 3, 5], in the favorable case where the transform coefficients are sparse in the strong sense that the vast majority are zero. We then consider a range of less-favorable cases, in which the object has all coefficients nonzero, but the coefficients obey an `p bound, for some p ∈ (0, 1]. These experiments show that the basic inequalities behind the CS method seem to involve reasonable constants. We next consider synthetic examples modelling problems in spectroscopy and image pro-
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Near Optimal Signal Recovery From Random Projections: Universal Encoding Strategies?

by Emmanuel J. Candès , Terence Tao , 2004
"... Suppose we are given a vector f in RN. How many linear measurements do we need to make about f to be able to recover f to within precision ɛ in the Euclidean (ℓ2) metric? Or more exactly, suppose we are interested in a class F of such objects— discrete digital signals, images, etc; how many linear m ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1513 (20 self) - Add to MetaCart
Suppose we are given a vector f in RN. How many linear measurements do we need to make about f to be able to recover f to within precision ɛ in the Euclidean (ℓ2) metric? Or more exactly, suppose we are interested in a class F of such objects— discrete digital signals, images, etc; how many linear measurements do we need to recover objects from this class to within accuracy ɛ? This paper shows that if the objects of interest are sparse or compressible in the sense that the reordered entries of a signal f ∈ F decay like a power-law (or if the coefficient sequence of f in a fixed basis decays like a power-law), then it is possible to reconstruct f to within very high accuracy from a small number of random measurements. typical result is as follows: we rearrange the entries of f (or its coefficients in a fixed basis) in decreasing order of magnitude |f | (1) ≥ |f | (2) ≥... ≥ |f | (N), and define the weak-ℓp ball as the class F of those elements whose entries obey the power decay law |f | (n) ≤ C · n −1/p. We take measurements 〈f, Xk〉, k = 1,..., K, where the Xk are N-dimensional Gaussian

Compressive sampling

by Emmanuel J. Candès , 2006
"... Conventional wisdom and common practice in acquisition and reconstruction of images from frequency data follow the basic principle of the Nyquist density sampling theory. This principle states that to reconstruct an image, the number of Fourier samples we need to acquire must match the desired res ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1441 (15 self) - Add to MetaCart
Conventional wisdom and common practice in acquisition and reconstruction of images from frequency data follow the basic principle of the Nyquist density sampling theory. This principle states that to reconstruct an image, the number of Fourier samples we need to acquire must match the desired resolution of the image, i.e. the number of pixels in the image. This paper surveys an emerging theory which goes by the name of “compressive sampling” or “compressed sensing,” and which says that this conventional wisdom is inaccurate. Perhaps surprisingly, it is possible to reconstruct images or signals of scientific interest accurately and sometimes even exactly from a number of samples which is far smaller than the desired resolution of the image/signal, e.g. the number of pixels in the image. It is believed that compressive sampling has far reaching implications. For example, it suggests the possibility of new data acquisition protocols that translate analog information into digital form with fewer sensors than what was considered necessary. This new sampling theory may come to underlie procedures for sampling and compressing data simultaneously. In this short survey, we provide some of the key mathematical insights underlying this new theory, and explain some of the interactions between compressive sampling and other fields such as statistics, information theory, coding theory, and theoretical computer science.

Decoding by Linear Programming

by Emmanuel J. Candès, Terence Tao , 2004
"... This paper considers the classical error correcting problem which is frequently discussed in coding theory. We wish to recover an input vector f ∈ Rn from corrupted measurements y = Af + e. Here, A is an m by n (coding) matrix and e is an arbitrary and unknown vector of errors. Is it possible to rec ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1399 (16 self) - Add to MetaCart
This paper considers the classical error correcting problem which is frequently discussed in coding theory. We wish to recover an input vector f ∈ Rn from corrupted measurements y = Af + e. Here, A is an m by n (coding) matrix and e is an arbitrary and unknown vector of errors. Is it possible to recover f exactly from the data y? We prove that under suitable conditions on the coding matrix A, the input f is the unique solution to the ℓ1-minimization problem (‖x‖ℓ1:= i |xi|) min g∈R n ‖y − Ag‖ℓ1 provided that the support of the vector of errors is not too large, ‖e‖ℓ0: = |{i: ei ̸= 0} | ≤ ρ · m for some ρ> 0. In short, f can be recovered exactly by solving a simple convex optimization problem (which one can recast as a linear program). In addition, numerical experiments suggest that this recovery procedure works unreasonably well; f is recovered exactly even in situations where a significant fraction of the output is corrupted. This work is related to the problem of finding sparse solutions to vastly underdetermined systems of linear equations. There are also significant connections with the problem of recovering signals from highly incomplete measurements. In fact, the results introduced in this paper improve on our earlier work [5]. Finally, underlying the success of ℓ1 is a crucial property we call the uniform uncertainty principle that we shall describe in detail.

Stable signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate measurements,”

by Emmanuel J Candès , Justin K Romberg , Terence Tao - Comm. Pure Appl. Math., , 2006
"... Abstract Suppose we wish to recover a vector x 0 ∈ R m (e.g., a digital signal or image) from incomplete and contaminated observations y = Ax 0 + e; A is an n × m matrix with far fewer rows than columns (n m) and e is an error term. Is it possible to recover x 0 accurately based on the data y? To r ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1397 (38 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract Suppose we wish to recover a vector x 0 ∈ R m (e.g., a digital signal or image) from incomplete and contaminated observations y = Ax 0 + e; A is an n × m matrix with far fewer rows than columns (n m) and e is an error term. Is it possible to recover x 0 accurately based on the data y? To recover x 0 , we consider the solution x to the 1 -regularization problem where is the size of the error term e. We show that if A obeys a uniform uncertainty principle (with unit-normed columns) and if the vector x 0 is sufficiently sparse, then the solution is within the noise level As a first example, suppose that A is a Gaussian random matrix; then stable recovery occurs for almost all such A's provided that the number of nonzeros of x 0 is of about the same order as the number of observations. As a second instance, suppose one observes few Fourier samples of x 0 ; then stable recovery occurs for almost any set of n coefficients provided that the number of nonzeros is of the order of n/(log m) 6 . In the case where the error term vanishes, the recovery is of course exact, and this work actually provides novel insights into the exact recovery phenomenon discussed in earlier papers. The methodology also explains why one can also very nearly recover approximately sparse signals.
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Distributed Optimization and Statistical Learning via the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers

by Stephen Boyd, Neal Parikh, Eric Chu, Borja Peleato, Jonathan Eckstein , 2010
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 1001 (20 self) - Add to MetaCart
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The Dantzig selector: statistical estimation when p is much larger than n

by Emmanuel Candes, Terence Tao , 2005
"... In many important statistical applications, the number of variables or parameters p is much larger than the number of observations n. Suppose then that we have observations y = Ax + z, where x ∈ R p is a parameter vector of interest, A is a data matrix with possibly far fewer rows than columns, n ≪ ..."
Abstract - Cited by 879 (14 self) - Add to MetaCart
In many important statistical applications, the number of variables or parameters p is much larger than the number of observations n. Suppose then that we have observations y = Ax + z, where x ∈ R p is a parameter vector of interest, A is a data matrix with possibly far fewer rows than columns, n ≪ p, and the zi’s are i.i.d. N(0, σ 2). Is it possible to estimate x reliably based on the noisy data y? To estimate x, we introduce a new estimator—we call the Dantzig selector—which is solution to the ℓ1-regularization problem min ˜x∈R p ‖˜x‖ℓ1 subject to ‖A T r‖ℓ ∞ ≤ (1 + t −1) √ 2 log p · σ, where r is the residual vector y − A˜x and t is a positive scalar. We show that if A obeys a uniform uncertainty principle (with unit-normed columns) and if the true parameter vector x is sufficiently sparse (which here roughly guarantees that the model is identifiable), then with very large probability ‖ˆx − x ‖ 2 ℓ2 ≤ C2 ( · 2 log p · σ 2 + ∑ min(x 2 i, σ 2) Our results are nonasymptotic and we give values for the constant C. In short, our estimator achieves a loss within a logarithmic factor of the ideal mean squared error one would achieve with an oracle which would supply perfect information about which coordinates are nonzero, and which were above the noise level. In multivariate regression and from a model selection viewpoint, our result says that it is possible nearly to select the best subset of variables, by solving a very simple convex program, which in fact can easily be recast as a convenient linear program (LP).
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Exact Matrix Completion via Convex Optimization

by Emmanuel J. Candès, Benjamin Recht , 2008
"... We consider a problem of considerable practical interest: the recovery of a data matrix from a sampling of its entries. Suppose that we observe m entries selected uniformly at random from a matrix M. Can we complete the matrix and recover the entries that we have not seen? We show that one can perfe ..."
Abstract - Cited by 873 (26 self) - Add to MetaCart
We consider a problem of considerable practical interest: the recovery of a data matrix from a sampling of its entries. Suppose that we observe m entries selected uniformly at random from a matrix M. Can we complete the matrix and recover the entries that we have not seen? We show that one can perfectly recover most low-rank matrices from what appears to be an incomplete set of entries. We prove that if the number m of sampled entries obeys m ≥ C n 1.2 r log n for some positive numerical constant C, then with very high probability, most n × n matrices of rank r can be perfectly recovered by solving a simple convex optimization program. This program finds the matrix with minimum nuclear norm that fits the data. The condition above assumes that the rank is not too large. However, if one replaces the 1.2 exponent with 1.25, then the result holds for all values of the rank. Similar results hold for arbitrary rectangular matrices as well. Our results are connected with the recent literature on compressed sensing, and show that objects other than signals and images can be perfectly reconstructed from very limited information.

Signal recovery from random measurements via Orthogonal Matching Pursuit

by Joel A. Tropp, Anna C. Gilbert - IEEE TRANS. INFORM. THEORY , 2007
"... This technical report demonstrates theoretically and empirically that a greedy algorithm called Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) can reliably recover a signal with m nonzero entries in dimension d given O(m ln d) random linear measurements of that signal. This is a massive improvement over previous ..."
Abstract - Cited by 802 (9 self) - Add to MetaCart
This technical report demonstrates theoretically and empirically that a greedy algorithm called Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP) can reliably recover a signal with m nonzero entries in dimension d given O(m ln d) random linear measurements of that signal. This is a massive improvement over previous results for OMP, which require O(m 2) measurements. The new results for OMP are comparable with recent results for another algorithm called Basis Pursuit (BP). The OMP algorithm is faster and easier to implement, which makes it an attractive alternative to BP for signal recovery problems.

CoSaMP: Iterative signal recovery from incomplete and inaccurate samples

by D. Needell, J. A. Tropp - California Institute of Technology, Pasadena , 2008
"... Abstract. Compressive sampling offers a new paradigm for acquiring signals that are compressible with respect to an orthonormal basis. The major algorithmic challenge in compressive sampling is to approximate a compressible signal from noisy samples. This paper describes a new iterative recovery alg ..."
Abstract - Cited by 770 (13 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract. Compressive sampling offers a new paradigm for acquiring signals that are compressible with respect to an orthonormal basis. The major algorithmic challenge in compressive sampling is to approximate a compressible signal from noisy samples. This paper describes a new iterative recovery algorithm called CoSaMP that delivers the same guarantees as the best optimization-based approaches. Moreover, this algorithm offers rigorous bounds on computational cost and storage. It is likely to be extremely efficient for practical problems because it requires only matrix–vector multiplies with the sampling matrix. For compressible signals, the running time is just O(N log 2 N), where N is the length of the signal. 1.