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Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods

by David P. Mackinnon, Chondra M. Lockwood, Jason Williams - Multivariate Behavioral Research , 2004
"... The most commonly used method to test an indirect effect is to divide the estimate of the indirect effect by its standard error and compare the resulting z statistic with a critical value from the standard normal distribution. Confidence limits for the indirect effect are also typically based on cri ..."
Abstract - Cited by 252 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
The most commonly used method to test an indirect effect is to divide the estimate of the indirect effect by its standard error and compare the resulting z statistic with a critical value from the standard normal distribution. Confidence limits for the indirect effect are also typically based on critical values from the standard normal distribution. This article uses a simulation study to demonstrate that confidence limits are imbalanced because the distribution of the indirect effect is normal only in special cases. Two alternatives for improving the performance of confidence limits for the indirect effect are evaluated: (a) a method based on the distribution of the product of two normal random variables, and (b) resampling methods. In Study 1, confidence limits based on the distribution of the product are more accurate than methods based on an assumed normal distribution but confidence limits are still imbalanced. Study 2 demonstrates that more accurate confidence limits are obtained using resampling methods, with the bias-corrected bootstrap the best method overall. An indirect effect implies a causal hypothesis whereby an independent variable causes a mediating variable which, in turn, causes a dependent
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Treating children with early-onset conduct problems: A comparison of child and parent training interventions

by Carolyn Webster-stratton, M. Jamila Reid, Mary Hammond - Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 1997
"... were randomly assigned to parent training (PT); parent plus teacher training (PT + TT); child training (CT); child plus teacher training (CT + TT); parent, child, plus teacher training (PT + CT + TT); or a waiting list control. Reports and independent observations were collected at home and school. ..."
Abstract - Cited by 188 (19 self) - Add to MetaCart
were randomly assigned to parent training (PT); parent plus teacher training (PT + TT); child training (CT); child plus teacher training (CT + TT); parent, child, plus teacher training (PT + CT + TT); or a waiting list control. Reports and independent observations were collected at home and school. Following the 6-month intervention, all treatments resulted in significantly fewer conduct problems with mothers, teach-ers, and peers compared to controls. Children’s negative behavior with fathers was lower in the 3 PT conditions than in control. Children showed more prosocial skills with peers in the CT conditions than in control. All PT conditions resulted in less neg-ative and more positive parenting for mothers and less negative parenting for fathers than in control. Mothers and teachers were also less negative than controls when chil-dren received CT. Adding TT to PT or CT improved treatment outcome in terms of teacher behavior management in the classroom and in reports of behavior problems. National survey data suggest that the prevalence of aggressive conduct problems in preschool and early school-age children is 10 % to 25 % (Snyder, 2001). Ev-
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Measuring risk and protective factors for substance use, delinquency, and other adolescent problem behaviors: The Communities that Care youth survey

by Michael W. Arthur, J. David Hawkins, John A. Pollard, Richard F. Catalano, A. J. Baglioni - Evaluation Review , 2002
"... Risk and protective factors predictive of adolescent problem behaviors such as substance abuse and delinquency are promising targets for preventive intervention. Community planners should assess and target risk and protective factors when designing prevention programs. This study describes the devel ..."
Abstract - Cited by 175 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
Risk and protective factors predictive of adolescent problem behaviors such as substance abuse and delinquency are promising targets for preventive intervention. Community planners should assess and target risk and protective factors when designing prevention programs. This study describes the development, reliability, and validity of a self-report survey instrument for adoles-cents ages 11 to 18 that measures an array of risk and protective factors across multiple ecologi-cal domains as well as adolescent problem behaviors. The instrument can be used to assess the epidemiology of risk and protection in youth populations and to prioritize specific risk and pro-tective factors in specific populations as targets for preventive intervention.

W.,“The Study of Administration

by John J. Wilson - Political Science Quarterly , 1887
"... The appropriateness of the death penalty for juveniles is the subject of intense debate despite Supreme Court decisions upholding its use. Although nearly half the States allow those who commit capital crimes as 16- and 17-year-olds to be sentenced to death, some question whether this is compatible ..."
Abstract - Cited by 104 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
The appropriateness of the death penalty for juveniles is the subject of intense debate despite Supreme Court decisions upholding its use. Although nearly half the States allow those who commit capital crimes as 16- and 17-year-olds to be sentenced to death, some question whether this is compatible with the principles on which our juvenile justice system was established. This Bulletin examines the history of capital punishment and Supreme Court decisions related to its use with juveniles. It also includes profiles of those sentenced to death for crimes committed as juveniles and notes the international movement toward abolishing this sanction. I hope that this Bulletin enhances our understanding of the issues involved in applying the death penalty to juveniles so that we may focus our energy and resources on effective and humane responses to juvenile crime and violence.

The science of prevention: A conceptual framework and some directions for a National Research Program

by John D. Coie, Norman F. Watt, Stephen G. West, J. David Hawkins, Joan R. Asarnow, Howard J. Markman, Sharon L. Ramey, Myrna B. Shure, Beverly Long - American Psychologist , 1993
"... A conceptual framework for studying the prevention of human dysfunction is offered. On the basis of recent ad-vances in research on the development of psychological disorders and methods of preventive intervention, gener-alizations about the relation of risk and protective factors to disorder are pu ..."
Abstract - Cited by 101 (6 self) - Add to MetaCart
A conceptual framework for studying the prevention of human dysfunction is offered. On the basis of recent ad-vances in research on the development of psychological disorders and methods of preventive intervention, gener-alizations about the relation of risk and protective factors to disorder are put forward, along with a set of principles for what may be identified as the science of prevention. Emerging themes from the study of human development, in general, need to be incorporated in the models for ex-plaining and preventing serious problems of human ad-aptation. The article concludes with a set of recommen-dations for a national prevention research agenda. The concept of prevention as it is used in public healthhas been taken seriously in the mental health fieldonly in the last few decades (G. Caplan, 1964; Sar-ason, Levine, Goldenberg, Cherlin, & Bennett, 1966). In the last decade particularly, interest in general human
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Preventing conduct problems, promoting social competence: A parent and teacher training partnership in Head Start

by Carolyn Webster-stratton, M. Jamila Reid, Mary Hammond - Journal of Clinical Child Psychology , 2001
"... Studied the effectiveness of parent and teacher training as a selective prevention pro-gram for 272 Head Start mothers and their 4-year-old children and 61 Head Start teachers. Fourteen Head Start centers (34 classrooms) were randomly assigned to (a) an experimental condition in which parents, teach ..."
Abstract - Cited by 94 (14 self) - Add to MetaCart
Studied the effectiveness of parent and teacher training as a selective prevention pro-gram for 272 Head Start mothers and their 4-year-old children and 61 Head Start teachers. Fourteen Head Start centers (34 classrooms) were randomly assigned to (a) an experimental condition in which parents, teachers, and family service workers par-ticipated in the prevention program (Incredible Years) or (b) a control condition con-sisting of the regular Head Start program. Assessments included teacher and parent reports of child behavior and independent observations at home and at school. Con-struct scores combining observational and report data were calculated for negative and positive parenting style, parent–teacher bonding, child conduct problems at home and at school, and teacher classroom management style. Following the 12-session weekly program, experimental mothers had significantly lower negative parenting and significantly higher positive parenting scores than control mothers. Parent– teacher bonding was significantly higher for experimental than for control mothers. Experimental children showed significantly fewer conduct problems at school than control children. Children of mothers who attended 6 or more intervention sessions
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Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances, and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity

by James C. Anthony, Lynn A. Warner, Ronald C. Kessler, James C. Anthony, Etiology Branch, Johns Hopkins, A. Warner , 1994
"... 15-54 years old, we found about 1 in 4 (24%) had a history of tobacco dependence; about 1 in 7 (14%) had a history of alcohol dependence; and about 1 in 13 (7.5%) had a history of dependence on an inhalant or controlled drug. About one third of tobacco smokers had developed tobacco dependence and ab ..."
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15-54 years old, we found about 1 in 4 (24%) had a history of tobacco dependence; about 1 in 7 (14%) had a history of alcohol dependence; and about 1 in 13 (7.5%) had a history of dependence on an inhalant or controlled drug. About one third of tobacco smokers had developed tobacco dependence and about 15 % of drinkers had become alcohol dependent. Among users of the other drugs, about 15 % had become dependent. Many more Americans age 15-54 have been affected by dependence on psychoactive substances than by other psychiatric disturbances now accorded a higher priority in mental health service delivery systems, prevention, and sponsored research programs. The aim of this article is to report basic descriptive findings from new research on the epidemiology of drug dependence syndromes, conducted as part of the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). In this study, our research team secured a nationally representative sample and applied standardized diagnostic assessments in a way that allows direct comparisons across prevalence estimates and cor-
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Childhood predictors of adolescent substance use in a longitudinal study of children with ADHD

by Brooke S. G. Molina, William E. Pelham - Journal of Abnormal Psychology , 2003
"... Children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n 142) were prospectively monitored into adolescence (13–18 years old) to evaluate their risk for elevated substance use relative to same-aged adolescents without ADHD (n 100). Probands reported higher levels of alcohol, tobac ..."
Abstract - Cited by 58 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
Children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n 142) were prospectively monitored into adolescence (13–18 years old) to evaluate their risk for elevated substance use relative to same-aged adolescents without ADHD (n 100). Probands reported higher levels of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use than did controls. Group differences were apparent for alcohol symptom scores but not for alcohol or marijuana disorder diagnoses. Within probands, severity of childhood inattention symptoms predicted multiple substance use outcomes; childhood oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) symptoms predicted illicit drug use and CD symptoms. Persistence of ADHD and adolescent CD were each associated with elevated substance use behaviors relative to controls. Further study of the mediating mechanisms that explain risk for early substance use and abuse in children with ADHD is warranted. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most commonly diagnosed mental health disorders of childhood, occurring in 3 % to 5 % of school-age children (Barkley, 1998). In recent years, a focus on risk for substance use and substance use disorder (SUD) in this population has become a matter of public and scientific debate (National Institutes of Health, 2000). Well-known longitudinal studies of children with ADHD have examined rates of substance use and SUD by adolescence (e.g., Barkley,
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Toward a comprehensive model of antisocial development : a dynamic systems approach.

by I Granic, Patterson GR - Psychological Review , 2006
"... ..."
Abstract - Cited by 58 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
Abstract not found
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The relation between adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use: A longitudinal random coefficients model

by Eric Stice, Laurie Chassin - Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 1997
"... Longitudinal latent growth models were used to examine the relation between changes in adolescent alcohol use and changes in peer alcohol use over a 3-year period in a community-based sample of 363 Hispanic and Caucasian adolescents. Both adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use were characterize ..."
Abstract - Cited by 47 (1 self) - Add to MetaCart
Longitudinal latent growth models were used to examine the relation between changes in adolescent alcohol use and changes in peer alcohol use over a 3-year period in a community-based sample of 363 Hispanic and Caucasian adolescents. Both adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use were characterized by positive linear growth over time. Not only were changes in adolescent alcohol use closely related to changes in peer alcohol use, but the initial status on peer alcohol use was predictive of later increases in adolescent alcohol use and the initial status on adolescent alcohol use was predictive of later increases in peer alcohol use. These results are inconsistent with models positing solely unidirectional effects between adolescent alcohol use and peer alcohol use. Of the variables found to be related to adolescent substance use, peer substance use is consistently one of the strongest pre-
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