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An Introduction to Machine Translation. (1992)

by J Hutchins, H Somers
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Discovering Word Senses from Text.

by Patrick Pantel , Dekang Lin , General Terms  , Keywords  - In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD-02), , 2002
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Abstract - Cited by 293 (18 self) - Add to MetaCart
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...d sense discovery, clustering, evaluation, machine learning. 1. INTRODUCTION Using word senses versus word forms is useful in many applications such as information retrieval [20], machine translation =-=[5]-=- and question-answering [16]. In previous approaches, word senses are usually defined using a manually constructed lexicon. There are several disadvantages associated with these word senses. First, ma...

Evaluating Natural Language Processing Systems

by J.R. Galliers, K. Sparck Jones , 1993
"... This report presents a detailed analysis and review of NLP evaluation, in principle and in practice. Part 1 examines evaluation concepts and establishes a framework for NLP system evaluation. This makes use of experience in the related area of information retrieval and the analysis also refers to ev ..."
Abstract - Cited by 148 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
This report presents a detailed analysis and review of NLP evaluation, in principle and in practice. Part 1 examines evaluation concepts and establishes a framework for NLP system evaluation. This makes use of experience in the related area of information retrieval and the analysis also refers to evaluation in speech processing. Part 2 surveys significant evaluation work done so far, for instance in machine translation, and discusses the particular problems of generic system evaluation. The conclusion is that evaluation strategies and techniques for NLP need much more development, in particular to take proper account of the influence of system tasks and settings. Part 3 develops a general approach to NLP evaluation, aimed at methodologically-sound strategies for test and evaluation motivated by comprehensive performance factor identification. The analysis throughout the report is supported by extensive illustrative examples. This work was carried out under the UK Science and Engineeri...

Ontological Semantics

by Sergei Nirenburg, Victor Raskin , 2004
"... This book introduces ontological semantics, a comprehensive approach to the treatment of text meaning by computer. Ontological semantics is an integrated complex of theories, methodologies, descriptions and implementations. In ontological semantics, a theory is viewed as a set of statements determin ..."
Abstract - Cited by 128 (38 self) - Add to MetaCart
This book introduces ontological semantics, a comprehensive approach to the treatment of text meaning by computer. Ontological semantics is an integrated complex of theories, methodologies, descriptions and implementations. In ontological semantics, a theory is viewed as a set of statements determining the format of descriptions of the phenomena with which the theory deals. A theory is associated with a methodology used to obtain the descriptions. Implementations are computer systems that use the descriptions to solve specific problems in text processing. Implementations of ontological semantics are combined with other processing systems to produce applications, such as information extraction or machine translation. The theory of ontological semantics is built as a society of microtheories covering such diverse ground as specific language phenomena, world knowledge organization, processing heuristics and issues relating to knowledge representation and implementation system architecture. The theory briefly sketched above is a top-level microtheory, the ontological semantics theory per se. Descriptions in ontological semantics include text meaning representations, lexical entries, ontological concepts and instances as well as procedures for manipulating texts and their meanings. Methodologies in ontological semantics are sets of techniques and instructions for acquiring and
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...penditure is quite modest. The above arguments are designed primarily for a debate with non-semantic-based rule-governed approaches (see, e.g., the brief descriptions in Chapters 10, 11, and 13-15 of =-=Hutchins and Somers 1992-=-). Now, from the standpoint of corpus-based NLP, the work of semantics can be done by establishing meaning relations without explaining them, directly, for example, on pairs of source and target langu...

Automatic Cross-Language Retrieval Using Latent Semantic Indexing

by Susan T. Dumais , 1997
"... We describe a method for fully automated cross-language document retrieval in which no query translation is required. Queries in one language can retrieve documents in other languages (as well as the original language). This is accomplished by a method that automatically constructs a multilingual se ..."
Abstract - Cited by 99 (2 self) - Add to MetaCart
We describe a method for fully automated cross-language document retrieval in which no query translation is required. Queries in one language can retrieve documents in other languages (as well as the original language). This is accomplished by a method that automatically constructs a multilingual semantic space using Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI). Strong test results for the cross-language LSI (CLLSI) method are presented for a new French-English collection. We also provide evidence that this automatic method performs comparably to a retrieval method based on machine translation (MT-LSI), and explore several practical training methods. By all available measures, CL-LSI performs quite well and is widely applicable. Introduction Cross-language LSI (CL-LSI) is a fully automatic method for cross-language document retrieval in which no query translation is required. Queries in one language can retrieve documents in other languages (as well as the original language). This is accomplished b...

Data mining for hypertext: A tutorial survey

by Soumen Chakrabarti , 2000
"... With over 800 million pages covering most areas of human endeavor, the World-wide Web is a fertile ground for data mining research to make a difference to the effectiveness of information search. Today, Web surfers access the Web through two dominant interfaces: clicking on hyperlinks and searchin ..."
Abstract - Cited by 94 (0 self) - Add to MetaCart
With over 800 million pages covering most areas of human endeavor, the World-wide Web is a fertile ground for data mining research to make a difference to the effectiveness of information search. Today, Web surfers access the Web through two dominant interfaces: clicking on hyperlinks and searching via keyword queries. This process is often tentative and unsatisfactory. Better support is needed for expressing one's information need and dealing with a search result in more structured ways than available now. Data mining and machine learning have significant roles to play towards this end. In this paper we willsurvey recent advances in learning and mining problems related to hypertext in general and the Web in particular. We will review the continuum of supervised to semi-supervised to unsupervised learning problems, highlight the specific challenges which distinguish data mining in the hypertext domain from data mining in the context of data warehouses, and summarize the key areas of recent and ongoing research.
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...s with high accuracy [3, 62, 11], tag words in running text with part-of-speech information [3, 32], represent NL documents in a canonical machine-usable form [67, 40, 65], and perform NL translation =-=[39, 5, 4]-=-. A combination of NL and IR techniques have been used for creating hyperlinks automatically [9, 2, 35, 46, 12] and expanding brief queries with related words for enhanced search. For reasons unclear ...

Learning Dependency Translation Models as Collections of Finite State Head Transducers

by Hiyan Alshawi, Shona Douglas, Srinivas Bangalore - Computational Linguistics , 2000
"... The paper defines weighted head transducers,finite-state machines that perform middle-out string transduction. These transducers are strictly more expressive than the special case of standard leftto-right finite-state transducers. Dependency transduction models are then defined as collections of wei ..."
Abstract - Cited by 77 (3 self) - Add to MetaCart
The paper defines weighted head transducers,finite-state machines that perform middle-out string transduction. These transducers are strictly more expressive than the special case of standard leftto-right finite-state transducers. Dependency transduction models are then defined as collections of weighted head transducers that are applied hierarchically. A dynamic programming search algorithm is described for finding the optimal transduction of an input string with respect to a dependency transduction model. A method for automatically training a dependency transduction model from a set of input-output example strings is presented. The method first searches for hierarchical alignments of the training examples guided by correlation statistics, and then constructs the transitions of head transducers that are consistent with these alignments. Experimental results are given for applying the training method to translation from English to Spanish and Japanese. 1.

Automatic Cross-Language Information Retrieval using Latent Semantic Indexing

by Michael Littman, Susan T. Dumais, Thomas K. Landauer - Cross-Language Information Retrieval, chapter 5 , 1998
"... We descride a method for fully automated cross-language document retrieval in which no query translation is required. Queries in one language can retrieve documents in other languages (as well as the original language). This is accomplished by a method that automatically constructs a multi-lingual s ..."
Abstract - Cited by 64 (5 self) - Add to MetaCart
We descride a method for fully automated cross-language document retrieval in which no query translation is required. Queries in one language can retrieve documents in other languages (as well as the original language). This is accomplished by a method that automatically constructs a multi-lingual semantic space using Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI). We present strong preliminary test results for our cross-language LSI (CL-LSI) method for a French-English collection. We also provide some evidence that this automatic method performs comparably to a retrieval method based on machine translation (MT-LSI).
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...nt training set and created a 982dimensional English-only LSI space. We then folded in the 1,500 English-only test documents. We next used a publicly available machine translation system from SYSTRAN =-=[8, 13]-=- to translate each of the 1,500 French-only test documents into English. These automatically translated documents were then folded in to the English-only space. Now it is possible to treat each of the...

Interactive Translation of Conversational Speech

by Alex Waibel, Fakultät Für Informatik - Computer , 1996
"... We present JANUS-II, a large scale system effort aimed at interactive spoken language translation. JANUS-II now accepts spontaneous conversational speech in a limited domain in English, German or Spanish and produces output in German, English, Spanish, Japanese and Korean. The challenges of coarticu ..."
Abstract - Cited by 63 (8 self) - Add to MetaCart
We present JANUS-II, a large scale system effort aimed at interactive spoken language translation. JANUS-II now accepts spontaneous conversational speech in a limited domain in English, German or Spanish and produces output in German, English, Spanish, Japanese and Korean. The challenges of coarticulated, disfluent, ill-formed speech are manifold, and have required advances in acoustic modeling, dictionary learning, language modeling, semantic parsing and generation, to achieve acceptable performance. A semantic “interlingua ” that represents the intended meaning of an input sentence, facilitates the generation of culturally and contextually appropriate translation in the presence of irrelevant or erroneous information. Application of statistical, contextual, prosodic and discourse constraints permits a progressively narrowing search for the most plausible interpretation of an utterance. During translation, JANUS-II produces paraphrases that are used for interactive correction of translation errors. Beyond our continuing efforts to improve robustness and accuracy, we have also begun to study possible forms of deployment. Several system prototypes have been implemented to explore translation needs in different settings: speech translation in one-on-one video conferencing, as portable mobile
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...ct or not. Semantic representations in natural language processing have, of course, been studied extensively over the years, leading to a number of Interlingua based text translation systems (see [11]=-=[12]-=-[13] for review). We find the use of an interlingua based approach particularly advantageous for the translation of spontaneous speech, as spoken language is syntactically more ill-formed and less rel...

Cross-View Action Recognition via View Knowledge Transfer

by Jingen Liu, Mubarak Shah, Benjamin Kuipers, Silvio Savarese
"... In this paper, we present a novel approach to recognizing human actions from different views by view knowledge transfer. An action is originally modelled as a bag of visual-words (BoVW), which is sensitive to view changes. We argue that, as opposed to visual words, there exist some higher level feat ..."
Abstract - Cited by 48 (4 self) - Add to MetaCart
In this paper, we present a novel approach to recognizing human actions from different views by view knowledge transfer. An action is originally modelled as a bag of visual-words (BoVW), which is sensitive to view changes. We argue that, as opposed to visual words, there exist some higher level features which can be shared across views and enable the connection of action models for different views. To discover these features, we use a bipartite graph to model two view-dependent vocabularies, then apply bipartite graph partitioning to co-cluster two vocabularies into visual-word clusters called bilingual-words (i.e., high-level features), which can bridge the semantic gap across viewdependent vocabularies. Consequently, we can transfer a BoVW action model into a bag-of-bilingual-words (BoBW) model, which is more discriminative in the presence of view changes. We tested our approach on the IXMAS data set and obtained very promising results. Moreover, to further fuse view knowledge from multiple views, we apply a Locally Weighted Ensemble scheme to dynamically weight transferred models based on the local distribution structure around each test example. This process can further improve the average recognition rate by about 7%. 1.
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...w 2 examples View 1 two articles belong to a same category, we must either translate one of them to the other language or translate both of them into an interlingua, as is used in machine translation =-=[14]-=-. Similarly, before comparing two heterogenous action models we need to transfer (“translate”) them into a common “language”, say an action view “interlingua”. Hence, generating such a view “interling...

Semantic-based Transfer

by Michael Dorna, Martin C. Emele , 1996
"... This article presents a new semanticbased transfer approach developed and applied within the Verbmobil Machine Translation project. We give an overview of the declarative transfer fo,'malism to- gether with its procedural realization. Our approach is discussed and compared with several other ap ..."
Abstract - Cited by 41 (7 self) - Add to MetaCart
This article presents a new semanticbased transfer approach developed and applied within the Verbmobil Machine Translation project. We give an overview of the declarative transfer fo,'malism to- gether with its procedural realization. Our approach is discussed and compared with several other approaches f,'om the MT literature. The results presented in this article have been implemented and integrated into the Verbmobil system.
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