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...While it is known that the individuals who give these songs are male, the intendedsreceivers have not yet been unambiguously identified; they may be rival males, potentialsmates or both (Tyack, 1983; =-=Mobley et al., 1988-=-; Noad et al., 2000; Croll et al., 2002). Whatsis clear is that such vocalizations are detectable over vast tracts of ocean and may reach asmuch larger audience than the sexual calls of terrestrial ma...

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...lark and Clark, 1980).sHumpback whales react differently to playback of conspecific socialssounds and song (Tyack, 1983), and to sounds made on the summersfeeding grounds and winter breeding grounds (=-=Mobley et al., 1988-=-). Thesesstudies show that, at least in humpback whales, different types ofsvocalisations have different communicative meaning.sFew studies have addressed whether free-ranging Odontocetes usesdifferen...

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...ales, sounds used in the song and sounds used as social sounds are not mutually exclusive. In other words, single sound units within the song may also be used as non-song social vocalizations (known as “songunit social sounds”), the difference being that song is a long, continuous, patterned, complex signal, whereas these songunit social sounds are un-patterned, in short bursts and not necessarily from the song structure of that year (Dunlop et al., 2007). Previous work recorded social sounds on the feeding grounds (Thompson et al., 1977, 1986; Jurasz and Jurasz, 1979; D’Vincent et al., 1985; Mobley et al., 1988; Sharpe et al., 1998; Cerchio and Dahlheim, 2001; Stimpert et al., 2011), on the breeding grounds (Silber, 1986) and on migration (Dunlop et al., 2007). Many acoustic studies have been carried out on humpback whale songs and these studies have mainly involved the analysis of the sequence of song units, phrases, themes, and song cycles (e.g., Payne and McVay, 1971; Winn et al., 1971; Payne and Payne, 1985; Cato, 1991; Miller et al., 2000). There have also been studies of the characteristics of the song units, quantifying frequency characteristics and duration of the sounds (e.g., Hafner et al....

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...3], [74]. Spectral and temporal correlations within and between noise sources can further enhance signal detectability [71], [75], [76]. Individual singers are localizable by other whales [37], [43], =-=[77]-=-, and produce songs asynchronously [10], [78]. Thus, potentially interfering songs constitute acoustically and spatially separable noise sources. Such noise sources are known to interfere less with si...

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...(1983) study, social sounds from competitive groups. In a small percentage of trials (3 of 89), whales approached a song playback but this was a smaller percentage than responded to synthetic sounds (=-=Mobley et al, 1988-=-). For all of the research activities in this category, NMFS concludes that, based on published information on the effects of these activities on large cetaceans and pinniped species, unpublished repo...

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...lso been reduced using playback. Mobley et al. (1988)sdescribe how a humpback whale was encouraged to leave the Sacramento River and enter thesopen ocean by playback of feeding calls of conspecifics (=-=Mobley et al., 1988-=-). In this case thessound used served more to attract than to repel the target animal.sAs discussed earlier, many terrestrial applications broadcast the alarm calls of the targetsanimals as deterrents...

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... singers was small, and further measurements may reveal that the distribution of sizes of singers is broader than is depicted here. Inasmuch as singing rarely directly attracts females to the singer (=-=Mobley et al. 1988-=-; Darling and Bérubé 2001; cf. Medrano et al. 1994), how does singing by sexually mature males contribute to the reproductive success of these animals? What function might be served by smaller males, ...