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34
The genome organization of the Nidovirales: similarities and differences between arteri-, toro-, and coronaviruses
- Semin Virol
, 1997
"... Viruses in the families Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae have enveloped virions which contain nonseg-mented, positive-stranded RNA, but the constituent genera differ markedly in genetic complexity and virion structure. Nevertheless, there are striking resemblances among the viruses in the organizatio ..."
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Viruses in the families Arteriviridae and Coronaviridae have enveloped virions which contain nonseg-mented, positive-stranded RNA, but the constituent genera differ markedly in genetic complexity and virion structure. Nevertheless, there are striking resemblances among the viruses in the organization and expression of their genomes, and sequence conservation among the polymerase polyproteins strongly suggests that they have a common ancestry. On this basis, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses recently established a new order, Nidovirales, to contain the two families. Here, the common traits and distinguishing features of the Nidovirales are reviewed. r 1997 Academic Press KEY WORDS: arterivirus; coronavirus; torovirus; polyprotein processing; RNA recombination.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus comparison: divergent evolution on two continents
- J
, 1999
"... This article cites 64 articles, 31 of which can be accessed free ..."
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Cited by 47 (7 self)
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This article cites 64 articles, 31 of which can be accessed free
Equine arteritis virus subgenomic mRNA synthesis: analysis of leader-body junctions and replicative-form RNAs
- J
, 1996
"... and replicative-form RNAs. synthesis: analysis of leader-body junctions Equine arteritis virus subgenomic mRNA ..."
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Cited by 22 (8 self)
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and replicative-form RNAs. synthesis: analysis of leader-body junctions Equine arteritis virus subgenomic mRNA
Identification of a novel structural protein of arteriviruses
- J
, 1999
"... Arteriviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses with an efficiently organized, polycistronic genome. A short region between the replicase gene and open reading frame (ORF) 2 of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) genome was previously assumed to be untranslated. However, here we report that this segmen ..."
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Cited by 20 (11 self)
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Arteriviruses are positive-stranded RNA viruses with an efficiently organized, polycistronic genome. A short region between the replicase gene and open reading frame (ORF) 2 of the equine arteritis virus (EAV) genome was previously assumed to be untranslated. However, here we report that this segment of the EAV genome contains the 5 * part of a novel gene (ORF 2a) which is conserved in all arteriviruses. The 3 * part of EAV ORF 2a overlaps with the 5 * part of the former ORF 2 (now renamed ORF 2b), which encodes the GS glycoprotein. Both ORF 2a and ORF 2b appear to be expressed from mRNA 2, which thereby constitutes the first proven example of a bicistronic mRNA in arteriviruses. The 67-amino-acid protein encoded by EAV ORF 2a, which we have provisionally named the envelope (E) protein, is very hydrophobic and has a basic C terminus. An E protein-specific antiserum was raised and used to demonstrate the expression of the novel gene in EAV-infected cells. The EAV E protein proved to be very stable, did not form disulfide-linked oligomers, and was not N-glycosylated. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy studies showed that the E protein associates with intracellular membranes both in EAV-infected cells and upon independent expression. An analysis of purified EAV particles revealed that the E protein is a structural protein. By using reverse genetics, we demonstrated that both the EAV E and GS proteins are essential for the production of infectious progeny virus. Arteriviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses
Monoclonal antibodies to equine arteritis virus proteins identify the GL protein as a target for virus neutralization
- J. Gen. Virol
, 1994
"... Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to equine arteritis virus (EAV) proteins were produced and characterized. The protein specificifies of eight MAbs were determined definitively by immunoprecipitation f EAV proteins expressed from vaccinia virus recombinants (WRs). Included were two new WRs produced for t ..."
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Cited by 18 (3 self)
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Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to equine arteritis virus (EAV) proteins were produced and characterized. The protein specificifies of eight MAbs were determined definitively by immunoprecipitation f EAV proteins expressed from vaccinia virus recombinants (WRs). Included were two new WRs produced for this study, expressing the M and the G ~ proteins, respectively. Three MAbs were determined to be N-specific and five MAbs recognized the G L protein. One GL-Specific MAb, 17F5, of the IgA class, efficiently neutralized EAV infectivity. In competitive binding assays (CBAs), the N-specific MAbs defined a single antigenic domain on this protein. Four GL-specific MAbs, including MAb 17F5, demonstrated strong reciprocal competition in binding to the G L protein but differed in their virus-neutralizing
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequencing of the 3�-terminal genomic RNA of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
, 1994
"... The genomic RNA of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate from the U.S.A., VR 2385 (ATCC), was copied into cDNA after priming with oligo(dT) and cloned into phage lambda. The eDNA clones representing the T-terminal genomic RNA of the virus were isolated and sequenced. ..."
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Cited by 16 (2 self)
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The genomic RNA of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) isolate from the U.S.A., VR 2385 (ATCC), was copied into cDNA after priming with oligo(dT) and cloned into phage lambda. The eDNA clones representing the T-terminal genomic RNA of the virus were isolated and sequenced. The genome is a positive-stranded, polyadenylated RNA with an estimated size of 15 kb. Analysis of the resulting sequence identified three complete open reading frames (ORFs) with the potential to encode polypeptides with predicted Mrs of 22-2K (ORF 5), 19.1K (ORF 6) and 13-6K (ORF 7). ORF 7, which is closest to the 3 ' end, is predicted to encode a highly basic nucleocapsid protein displaying 58 % amino acid identity to the corresponding protein of the Lelystad virus (LV), a European PRRSV
A nested set of eight RNAs is formed in macrophages infected with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating v rus
- Journal of Virology
, 1991
"... Total RNA was extracted from primary cultures of mouse macrophages isolated from 10-day-old mice 6 to 12 h postinfection with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Poly(A)+ RNA was extracted from spleens of 18-h LDV-infected mice. The RNAs were analyzed by Northern (RNA) blot hybridization wi ..."
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Cited by 8 (2 self)
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Total RNA was extracted from primary cultures of mouse macrophages isolated from 10-day-old mice 6 to 12 h postinfection with lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus (LDV). Poly(A)+ RNA was extracted from spleens of 18-h LDV-infected mice. The RNAs were analyzed by Northern (RNA) blot hybridization with a number of LDV-specific cDNAs as probes. A cDNA representing the nucleocapsid protein (VP-1) gene located at the 3' terminus of the viral genome (E. K. Godeny, D. W. Speicher, and M. A. Brinton, Virology 177:768-771, 1990) hybridized to viral genomic RNA of about 13 kb plus seven subgenomic RNAs ranging in size from about 1 to about 3.6 kb. Two other cDNA clones hybridized only to the four or five largest subgenomic RNAs, respectively. In contrast, two cDNAs encoding continuous open reading frames with replicase and zinc finger motifs hybridized only to the genomic RNA. The replicase motif exhibited 75 % amino acid identity to that of the lb protein of equine arteritis virus (EAV) and 44 % amino acid identity to those of the lb proteins of coronaviruses and Berne virus. Combined, the results indicate that LDV replication involves formation of a 3'-coterminal-nested set of mRNAs as observed for coronaviruses and toroviruses as well as for EAV, with which LDV shares many other properties. Overall, LDV, like EAV, possesses a genome organization resembling that of the coronaviruses and toroviruses. However, EAV and LDV differ from the latter in the size of their genomes, virion size and structure, nature of the structural proteins, and symmetry of the
Characterization of an equine arteritis virus replicase mutant defective in subgenomic mRNA synthesis
- J
, 1999
"... Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that synthesizes a 5*- and 3*-coterminal nested set of six subgenomic mRNAs. These mRNAs all contain a common leader sequence which is derived from the 5 * end of the genome. Subgenomic mRNA transcription and genome replication are direct ..."
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Cited by 6 (5 self)
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Equine arteritis virus (EAV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that synthesizes a 5*- and 3*-coterminal nested set of six subgenomic mRNAs. These mRNAs all contain a common leader sequence which is derived from the 5 * end of the genome. Subgenomic mRNA transcription and genome replication are directed by the viral replicase, which is expressed in the form of two polyproteins and subsequently processed into smaller non-structural proteins (nsps). During the recent construction of an EAV infectious cDNA clone (pEAV030 [L. C.
2002. Importance of M-protein C terminus as substrate antigen for serodetection of equine arteritis virus infection
"... These include: This article cites 34 articles, 18 of which can be accessed free at: ..."
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Cited by 1 (0 self)
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These include: This article cites 34 articles, 18 of which can be accessed free at:
Monoclonal Antibodies Directed against Conserved Epitopes on the Nucleocapsid Protein and the Major Envelope Glycoprotein of Equine Arteritis Virus
, 1999
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