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To Touch or not to Touch? Comparing 2D Touch and 3D Mid-Air Interaction on Stereoscopic Tabletop Surfaces
"... Recent developments in touch and display technologies have laid the groundwork to combine touch-sensitive display systems with stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) display. Although this combination provides a compelling user experience, interaction with objects stereoscopically displayed in front of ..."
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Recent developments in touch and display technologies have laid the groundwork to combine touch-sensitive display systems with stereoscopic three-dimensional (3D) display. Although this combination provides a compelling user experience, interaction with objects stereoscopically displayed in front of the screen poses some fundamental challenges: Traditionally, touch-sensitive surfaces capture only direct contacts such that the user has to penetrate the visually perceived object to touch the 2D surface behind the object. Conversely, recent technologies support capturing finger positions in front of the display, enabling users to interact with intangible objects in mid-air 3D space. In this paper we perform a comparison between such 2D touch and 3D mid-air interactions in a Fitts ’ Law experiment for objects with varying stereoscopical parallax. The results show that the 2D touch technique is more efficient close to the screen, whereas for targets further away from the screen, 3D selection outperforms 2D touch. Based on the results, we present implications for the design and development of future touch-sensitive interfaces for stereoscopic displays.
Visual Aids in 3D Point Selection Experiments
"... We present a study investigating the influence of visual aids on 3D point selection tasks. In a Fitts ’ law pointing experiment, we compared the effects of texturing, highlighting targets upon being touched, and the presence of support cylinders intended to eliminate floating targets. Results of the ..."
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We present a study investigating the influence of visual aids on 3D point selection tasks. In a Fitts ’ law pointing experiment, we compared the effects of texturing, highlighting targets upon being touched, and the presence of support cylinders intended to eliminate floating targets. Results of the study indicate that texturing and support cylinders did not significantly influence performance. Enabling target highlighting increased movement speed, while decreasing error rate. Pointing throughput was unaffected by this speed-accuracy tradeoff. Highlighting also eliminated significant differences between selection coordinate depth deviation and the deviation in the two orthogonal axes. Author Keywords 3D pointing; selection; cursors; stereo display; depth cues.
Considerations for targets in 3D pointing experiments
- Workshop on Interactive Surfaces for Interaction with Stereoscopic 3D - ISIS3D
, 2013
"... We identify various tradeoffs in the design of 3D pointing experiments based on Fitts ’ law and the ISO9241-9 methodology. The advantages and disadvantages of several approaches for such experiments are analyzed and compared against each other. Results of an experiment that investigates various visu ..."
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We identify various tradeoffs in the design of 3D pointing experiments based on Fitts ’ law and the ISO9241-9 methodology. The advantages and disadvantages of several approaches for such experiments are analyzed and compared against each other. Results of an experiment that investigates various visual aids are presented as evidence. We conclude with recommendations for 3D pointing experiments and avenues of future work. Author Keywords Fitts ’ law; 3D pointing; ISO 9241-9
Towards an Understanding of Mobile Touch Navigation in a Stereoscopic Viewing Environment for 3D Data Exploration
"... Abstract—We discuss touch-based navigation of 3D visualizations in a combined monoscopic and stereoscopic viewing environment. We identify a set of interaction modes, and a workflow that helps users transition between these modes to improve their interaction experience. In our discussion we analyze, ..."
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Abstract—We discuss touch-based navigation of 3D visualizations in a combined monoscopic and stereoscopic viewing environment. We identify a set of interaction modes, and a workflow that helps users transition between these modes to improve their interaction experience. In our discussion we analyze, in particular, the control-display space mapping between the different reference frames of the stereoscopic and monoscopic displays. We show how this mapping supports interactive data exploration, but may also lead to conflicts between the stereoscopic and monoscopic views due to users ’ movement in space; we resolve these problems through synchronization. To support our discussion, we present results from an exploratory observational evaluation with domain experts in fluid mechanics and structural biology. These experts explored domain-specific datasets using variations of a system that embodies the interaction modes and workflows; we report on their interactions and qualitative feedback on the system and its workflow. Index Terms—Visualization of 3D data, human-computer interaction, expert interaction, direct-touch input, mobile displays, stereoscopic environments, VR, AR, conceptual model of interaction, interaction reference frame mapping, observational study. F 1
3D Virtual Hand Pointing with EMS and Vibration Feedback
"... Pointing is one of the most basic interaction methods for 3D user interfaces. Previous work has shown that visual feedback improves such actions. Here we investigate if electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and vibration is beneficial for 3D virtual hand pointing. In our experiment we used a 3D versio ..."
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Pointing is one of the most basic interaction methods for 3D user interfaces. Previous work has shown that visual feedback improves such actions. Here we investigate if electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) and vibration is beneficial for 3D virtual hand pointing. In our experiment we used a 3D version of a Fitts ’ task to compare visual feedback, EMS, vibration, with no feedback. The results demonstrate that both EMS and vibration provide reasonable addition to visual feedback. We also found good user acceptance for both technologies.
Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting, Volume 12(2015), no. 2 Influence of Comfort on 3D Selection Task Performance in Immersive Desktop Setups
"... Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) have the po-tential to afford natural interaction in the three-dimensional (3D) space around a user. However, in-teraction performance in 3D mid-air is often reduced and depends on a variety of ergonomics factors, the user’s endurance, muscular strength, as well ..."
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Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) have the po-tential to afford natural interaction in the three-dimensional (3D) space around a user. However, in-teraction performance in 3D mid-air is often reduced and depends on a variety of ergonomics factors, the user’s endurance, muscular strength, as well as fitness. In particular, in contrast to traditional desktop-based setups, users often cannot rest their arms in a comfort-able pose during the interaction. In this article we analyze the impact of comfort on 3D selection tasks in an immersive desktop setup. First, in a pre-study we identified how comfortable or uncomfortable specific interaction positions and poses are for users who are standing upright. Then, we inves-tigated differences in 3D selection task performance when users interact with their hands in a comfortable or uncomfortable body pose, while sitting on a chair in front of a table while the VE was displayed on a head-mounted display (HMD). We conducted a Fitts ’ Law experiment to evaluate selection performance in dif-ferent poses. The results suggest that users achieve a significantly higher performance in a comfortable pose when they rest their elbow on the table. Digital Peer Publishing Licence Any party may pass on this Work by electronic means and make it available for download under the terms and conditions of the current version of the Digital Peer Publishing Licence (DPPL). The text of the licence may be accessed and retrieved via Internet at
Journal of Virtual Reality and Broadcasting, Volume 11(2014), no. 7 Comparison of 2D and 3D GUI Widgets for Stereoscopic Multitouch Setups
"... Recent developments in the area of interactive enter-tainment have suggested to combine stereoscopic vi-sualization with multi-touch displays, which has the potential to open up new vistas for natural interac-tion with interactive three-dimensional (3D) applica-tions. However, the question arises ho ..."
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Recent developments in the area of interactive enter-tainment have suggested to combine stereoscopic vi-sualization with multi-touch displays, which has the potential to open up new vistas for natural interac-tion with interactive three-dimensional (3D) applica-tions. However, the question arises how the user in-terfaces for system control in such 3D setups should be designed in order to provide an effective user ex-perience. In this article we introduce 3D GUI widgets for interaction with stereoscopic touch displays. The design of the widgets was inspired to skeuomorphism and affordances in such a way that the user should be able to operate the virtual objects in the same way as their real-world equivalents. We evaluate the devel-oped widgets and compared them with their 2D coun-terparts in the scope of an example application in order to analyze the usability of and user behavior with the widgets. The results reveal differences in user behav-ior with and without stereoscopic display during touch interaction, and show that the developed 2D as well as 3D GUI widgets can be used effectively in different applications. Digital Peer Publishing Licence Any party may pass on this Work by electronic means and make it available for download under the terms and conditions of the current version of the Digital Peer Publishing Licence (DPPL). The text of the licence may be accessed and retrieved via Internet at
