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54
Using the Implicit Association Test to measure self-esteem and self-concept
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2000
"... Schwartz, 1998) to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic associations of self with positive or negative valence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that two IAT measures defined a factor that was distinct from, but weakly correlated with, a factor defined by standard explicit (self-repor ..."
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Cited by 257 (24 self)
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Schwartz, 1998) to measure self-esteem by assessing automatic associations of self with positive or negative valence. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) showed that two IAT measures defined a factor that was distinct from, but weakly correlated with, a factor defined by standard explicit (self-report) measures of self-esteem. Experiment 2 tested known-groups validity of two IAT gender self-concept measures. Compared with well-established explicit measures, the IAT measures revealed triple the difference in measured masculinity—femininity between men and women. Again, CFA revealed construct divergence between implicit and explicit measures. Experiment 3 assessed the self-esteem IAT's validity in predicting cognitive reactions to success and failure. High implicit self-esteem was associated in the predicted fashion with buffering against adverse effects of failure on two of four measures. This research developed from the assumption that distinct im-plicit and explicit self-esteem constructs require different measure-ment strategies. In particular, the research pursued implications of Greenwald and Banaji's (1995) definition of implicit self-esteem as "the introspectively unidentified (or inaccurately identified) effect of the self-attitude on evaluation of self-associated and
Stalking the perfect measure of implicit self-esteem: The blind men and the elephant revisited
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2000
"... Recent interest in the implicit self-esteem construct has led to the creation and use of several new assessment toots whose psychometric properties have not been fully explored. In this article, the authors investigated the reliability and validity of seven implicit self-esteem measures. The differe ..."
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Cited by 192 (8 self)
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Recent interest in the implicit self-esteem construct has led to the creation and use of several new assessment toots whose psychometric properties have not been fully explored. In this article, the authors investigated the reliability and validity of seven implicit self-esteem measures. The different implicit measures did not correlate with each other, and they correlated only weakly with measures of explicit self-esteem. Only some of the implicit measures demonstrated good test-retest reliabilities, and overall, the implicit measures were limited in their ability to predict our criterion variables. Finally, there was some evidence that implicit self-esteem measures are sensitive to context. The implications of these findings for the future of implicit self-esteem research are discussed. According to Indian folklore, there were once six blind men who had heard of the animal called the elephant but did not know what one was like. To satisfy their curiosity, they decided one day to use their sense of touch to determine the creature's appearance. Matters became confusing, however, when each man touched a different part of the elephant and became convinced that he alone understood its true nature. "The elephant is very like a snake!"
Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review
- Psychological Bulletin
, 2009
"... Implicit measures can be defined as outcomes of measurement procedures that are caused in an automatic manner by psychological attributes. To establish that a measurement outcome is an implicit measure, one should examine (a) whether the outcome is causally produced by the psychological attribute it ..."
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Cited by 64 (6 self)
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Implicit measures can be defined as outcomes of measurement procedures that are caused in an automatic manner by psychological attributes. To establish that a measurement outcome is an implicit measure, one should examine (a) whether the outcome is causally produced by the psychological attribute it was designed to measure, (b) the nature of the processes by which the attribute causes the outcome, and (c) whether these processes operate automatically. This normative analysis provides a heuristic framework for organizing past and future research on implicit measures. The authors illustrate the heuristic function of their framework by using it to review past research on the 2 implicit measures that are currently most popular: effects in implicit association tests and affective priming tasks.
Easier Done Than Undone: Asymmetry in the Malleability of Implicit Preferences
, 2006
"... Dual-process models imply that automatic attitudes should be less flexible than their self-reported counterparts; the relevant empirical record, however, is mixed. To advance the debate, the authors conducted 4 experiments investigating how readily automatic preferences for one imagined social group ..."
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Cited by 60 (3 self)
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Dual-process models imply that automatic attitudes should be less flexible than their self-reported counterparts; the relevant empirical record, however, is mixed. To advance the debate, the authors conducted 4 experiments investigating how readily automatic preferences for one imagined social group over another could be induced or reversed. Experiments 1 and 2 revealed that automatic preferences, like self-reported ones, could be readily induced by both abstract supposition and concrete learning. In contrast, Experiments 3 and 4 revealed that newly formed automatic preferences, unlike self-reported ones, could not be readily reversed by either abstract supposition or concrete learning. Thus, the relative inflexibility of implicit attitudes appears to entail, not immunity to sophisticated cognition, nor resistance to swift formation, but insensitivity to modification once formed.
Increasing implicit self-esteem through classical conditioning
- Psychol. Sci
, 2004
"... ABSTRACT—Implicit self-esteem is the automatic, nonconscious aspect of self-esteem. This study demonstrated that implicit self-esteem can be increased using a computer game that repeatedly pairs self-relevant information with smiling faces. These find-ings, which are consistent with principles of cl ..."
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Cited by 59 (5 self)
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ABSTRACT—Implicit self-esteem is the automatic, nonconscious aspect of self-esteem. This study demonstrated that implicit self-esteem can be increased using a computer game that repeatedly pairs self-relevant information with smiling faces. These find-ings, which are consistent with principles of classical condi-tioning, establish the associative and interpersonal nature of implicit self-esteem and demonstrate the potential benefit of applying basic learning principles in this domain. Low self-esteem has been implicated in a host of consequential social phenomena, including drug abuse, hostility, and relationship dys-function (Harter, 1993; Leary, Schreindorfer, & Haput, 1995). A person’s level of self-esteem is typically viewed as the sum of his or her conscious self-evaluative thoughts and feelings. Therefore, it is most often assessed explicitly through self-report scales containing items such as ‘‘At times I think I am no good at all’ ’ (Rosenberg,
Discrepancies between implicit and explicit self-esteem: Implications for narcissism and self-esteem instability
- Journal of Personality
, 2006
"... ABSTRACT There appear to be two forms of high self-esteem: secure high self-esteem (which is often linked with psychological health) and fragile high self-esteem (which is generally associated with poor psychological adjustment and impaired interpersonal relationships). Discrepant high self-esteem i ..."
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Cited by 33 (8 self)
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ABSTRACT There appear to be two forms of high self-esteem: secure high self-esteem (which is often linked with psychological health) and fragile high self-esteem (which is generally associated with poor psychological adjustment and impaired interpersonal relationships). Discrepant high self-esteem is a form of fragile self-esteem characterized by high explicit self-esteem and low implicit self-esteem. The present study examined whether discrepant high self-esteem was associated with narcissism and self-esteem instability in an undergraduate sample. Using multiple measures of implicit self-esteem, two basic findings emerged from the present study. First, participants with discrepant high self-esteem possessed the highest levels of narcissism. Second, participants with high explicit selfesteem and high implicit self-esteem displayed the most stable self-esteem. Findings are discussed in terms of secure and fragile high self-esteem. The meaning of high self-esteem is currently under close empirical scrutiny. High self-esteem is typically viewed as beneficial for individuals due to its association with markers of psychological adjustment
Secure versus fragile high self - esteem as a predictor of verbal defensiveness: Converging findings across three different markers
- 477
, 2008
"... ABSTRACT Why is it that many individuals verbally rationalize and distort self-esteem threatening information? We examined whether such verbal defensiveness (Feldman Barrett, Williams, & Fong, 2002) differs as a function of whether individuals ’ high self-esteem is secure or fragile. Our findin ..."
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Cited by 24 (1 self)
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ABSTRACT Why is it that many individuals verbally rationalize and distort self-esteem threatening information? We examined whether such verbal defensiveness (Feldman Barrett, Williams, & Fong, 2002) differs as a function of whether individuals ’ high self-esteem is secure or fragile. Our findings indicated that individuals whose self-esteem was stable, not contingent, or congruent with high implicit self-esteem exhibited espe-cially low amounts of verbal defensiveness. In contrast, verbal defensive-ness was considerably higher when individuals ’ high self-esteem was unstable, contingent, or paired with discrepant low implicit self-esteem. Discussion centers on why the possession of well-anchored and secure high self-esteem obviates defensiveness directed toward enhancing, main-taining, or bolstering feelings of self-worth. Although a perennial favorite of parents, therapists, educators, pol-icy makers, and laypeople, high self-esteem has recently come under attack from several fronts. Baumeister and his colleagues
Intuition and the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem
- Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
, 2007
"... Four studies tested whether the perceived validity of intuition increases the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Studies 1 and 2 found, with 2 different measures of implicit self-esteem, that people who chronically view their intuition as valid have more consistent implicit an ..."
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Cited by 14 (0 self)
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Four studies tested whether the perceived validity of intuition increases the correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem. Studies 1 and 2 found, with 2 different measures of implicit self-esteem, that people who chronically view their intuition as valid have more consistent implicit and explicit self-esteem. In contrast, people with relatively low faith in their intuition had a negative relation between implicit and explicit self-esteem, suggesting that they may overcorrect their explicit self-views for the potential bias posed by implicit self-esteem. In Studies 3 and 4, participants who were induced to view their intuition as valid reported explicit self-views (self-evaluations made under time pressure, or state self-esteem) that were more consistent with their implicit self-esteem. These results suggest that people experience implicit self-esteem as intuitive evaluations. The correspondence between implicit and explicit self-esteem among individuals who view their intuition as valid may suggest that these individuals incorporate implicit self-esteem into their explicit self-views.
Implicit but not explicit self-esteem predicts future depressive symptomatology. Behaviour Research and Therapy
, 2007
"... Abstract To date, research on the predictive validity of implicit self-esteem for depressive relapse is very sparse. In the present study, we assessed implicit self-esteem using the Name Letter Preference Task and explicit self-esteem using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in a group of currently de ..."
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Abstract To date, research on the predictive validity of implicit self-esteem for depressive relapse is very sparse. In the present study, we assessed implicit self-esteem using the Name Letter Preference Task and explicit self-esteem using the Rosenberg self-esteem scale in a group of currently depressed patients, formerly depressed individuals, and never depressed controls. In addition, we examined the predictive validity of explicit, implicit, and the interaction of explicit and implicit self-esteem in predicting future symptoms of depression in formerly depressed individuals and never depressed controls. The results showed that currently depressed individuals reported a lower explicit self-esteem as compared to formerly depressed individuals and never depressed controls. In line with previous research, all groups showed a positive implicit self-esteem not different from each other. Furthermore, after controlling for initial depressive symptomatology, implicit but not explicit self-esteem significantly predicted depressive symptoms at six months follow-up. Although implicit self-esteem assessed with the Name Letter Preference Test was not different between formerly depressed individuals and never depressed controls, the findings suggest it is an interesting variable in the study of vulnerability for depression relapse. r
1 Implicit Social Cognition
"... Hawkins is a consultant of Project Implicit, a non-profit organization that includes in its mission “To develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender or other factors. ” 2 ..."
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Cited by 7 (3 self)
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Hawkins is a consultant of Project Implicit, a non-profit organization that includes in its mission “To develop and deliver methods for investigating and applying phenomena of implicit social cognition, including especially phenomena of implicit bias based on age, race, gender or other factors. ” 2 Some of the most influential examples of scientific genius start with a powerful idea followed by development of methods to evaluate it. Einstein‟s theories of relativity were a remarkable insight that inspired decades of methodological innovation to confirm it. Most scientists, however, are no Einstein. Scientific progress can also accelerate rapidly in the reverse direction. Methods may generate evidence that inspires new ideas and theories. This is evident, for example, in Nobel Prize winner citations over a 13-year span for Physics, Chemistry, and Physiology and Medicine. Eighty-four percent of the citations credited a methodological achievement as the primary basis for the prize as opposed to a theoretical advance (Greenwald, 2001). In empirical research, theory and method are interdependent. Theoretical advances may spur methodological innovation by identifying a new possibility that has not yet been investigated. Methodological advances may spur theoretical innovation by producing evidence
